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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/13691058-2023-2173800/) Who does what? Reproductive responsibilities between heterosexual partners
Jan 6th 2024, 14:36

Volume 25, Issue 12, December 2023. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691058.2023.2173800?ai=2is&mi=3icuj5&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/proximate-and-distant-determinants-of-maternal-and-neonatal-mortality-in-the-postnatal-period-a-scoping-review-of-data-from-low-and-middle-income-countries/) Proximate and distant determinants of maternal and neonatal mortality in the postnatal period: A scoping review of data from low- and middle-income countries
Jan 6th 2024, 13:13

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/proximate-and-distant-determinants-of-maternal-and-neonatal-mortality-in-the-postnatal-period-a-scoping-review-of-data-from-low-and-middle-income-countries/) Proximate and distant determinants of maternal and neonatal mortality in the postnatal period: A scoping review of data from low- and middle-income countries was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/adults-willingness-to-report-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-when-registering-for-a-digital-health-application-a-cross-sectional-quantitative-study-2/) Adults’ willingness to report sexual orientation and gender identity when registering for a digital health application: A cross-sectional quantitative study
Jan 6th 2024, 12:52

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/adults-willingness-to-report-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-when-registering-for-a-digital-health-application-a-cross-sectional-quantitative-study-2/) Adults’ willingness to report sexual orientation and gender identity when registering for a digital health application: A cross-sectional quantitative study was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/spcare-2023-004708v1/) Two is better than one: improving early palliative care integration in advanced cancer
Jan 6th 2024, 12:33

(https://spcare.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/spcare-2023-004708v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/ip-2023-045130v1/) Advanced child tax credit payments and national child abuse hotline contacts, 2019-2022
Jan 6th 2024, 12:32

Background
Children in households experiencing poverty are disproportionately exposed to maltreatment. Income support policies have been associated with reductions in child abuse and neglect. The advance child tax credit (CTC) payments may reduce child maltreatment by improving the economic security of some families. No national studies have examined the association between advance CTC payments and child abuse and neglect. This study examines the association between the advance CTC payments and child abuse and neglect-related contacts to the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline.
Methods
A time series study of contacts to the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline between January 2019 and December 2022 was used to examine the association between the payments and hotline contacts. An interrupted time series (ITS) exploiting the variation in the advance CTC payments was estimated using fixed effects.
Results
The CTC advance payments were associated with an immediate 13.8% (95% CI –17.5% to –10.0%) decrease in contacts to the hotline in the ITS model. Following the expiration of the advance CTC payments, there was a significant and gradual 0.1% (95% CI +0.0% to +0.2%) daily increase in contacts. Sensitivity analyses found significant reductions in contacts following each payment, however, the reductions were associated with the last three of the six total payments.
Conclusion
These findings suggest the advance CTC payments may reduce child abuse and neglect-related hotline contacts and continue to build the evidence base for associations between income-support policies and reductions in child abuse and neglect.

(https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/ip-2023-045130v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/ip-2023-044986v1/) Overview of road traffic injuries among migrant workers in Guangzhou, China, from 2017 to 2021
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

Introduction
There are many migrant workers in China’s first-tier cities, but little is known about road safety. This paper systematically analysed road traffic injuries and risk factors among migrant workers in Guangzhou, China.
Methods
Road traffic crash data from 2017 to 2021 were obtained from the Guangzhou Public Security Traffic Management Integrated System. We plotted the crash network of road users in road traffic crashes and used logistic regression to analyse the risk factors for migrant workers of motorcycle and four-wheeled vehicle crashes. Moreover, the roles of migrant workers and control individuals as perpetrators in road traffic crashes were also analysed.
Results
Between 2017 and 2021, 76% of road traffic injuries were migrant workers in Guangzhou. Migrant workers who were motorcyclist drivers most commonly experienced road traffic injuries. Crashes between motorcyclists and car occupants were the most common. The illegal behaviours of migrant worker motorcyclists were closely related to casualties, with driving without a licence only and driving without a licence and drunk driving accounting for the greatest number. Migrant workers were responsible for many injuries of other road users. Motorcycle drivers have a higher proportion of drunk driving.
Discussion
Migrant workers play an important role in road traffic safety. They were both the leading source of road traffic injuries and the main perpetrators of road traffic crashes. Measures such as strict requirements for migrant workers to drive motorcycles with licences, prohibit drunk driving, greater publicity of road safety regulations, and combining compulsory education with punishment for illegal behaviours.

(https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/ip-2023-044986v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/ip-2023-045027v1/) Impact of an injury hospital admission on childhood academic performance: a Welsh population-based data linkage study
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

Background
While injuries can impact on children’s educational achievements (with threats to their development and employment prospects), these risks are poorly quantified. This population-based longitudinal study investigated the impact of an injury-related hospital admission on Welsh children’s academic performance.
Methods
The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank, 55 587 children residing in Wales from 2006 to 2016 who had an injury hospital admission (58.2% males; 16.8% born in most deprived Wales area; 80.1% one injury hospital admission) were linked to data from the Wales Electronic Cohort for Children. The primary outcome was the Core Subject Indicator reflecting educational achievement at key stages 2 (school years 3–6), 3 (school years 7–9) and 4 (school years 10–11). Covariates in models included demographic, birth, injury and school characteristics.
Results
Educational achievement of children was negatively associated with: pedestrian injuries (adjusted risk ratio, (95% CIs)) (0.87, (0.83 to 0.92)), cyclist (0.96, (0.94 to 0.99)), high fall (0.96, (0.94 to 0.97)), fire/flames/smoke (0.85, (0.73 to 0.99)), cutting/piercing object (0.96, (0.93 to 0.99)), intentional self-harm (0.86, (0.82 to 0.91)), minor traumatic brain injury (0.92, (0.86 to 0.99)), contusion/open wound (0.93, (0.91 to 0.95)), fracture of vertebral column (0.78, (0.64 to 0.95)), fracture of femur (0.88, (0.84 to 0.93)), internal abdomen/pelvic haemorrhage (0.82, (0.69 to 0.97)), superficial injury (0.94, (0.92 to 0.97)), young maternal age (<18 years: 0.91, (0.88 to 0.94); 19–24 years: 0.94, (0.93 to 0.96)); area based socioeconomic status (0.98, (0.97 to 0.98)); moving to a more deprived area (0.95, (0.93 to 0.97)); requiring special educational needs (0.46, (0.44 to 0.47)). Positive associations were: being female (1.04, (1.03 to 1.06)); larger pupil school sizes and maternal age 30+ years.
Conclusion
This study highlights the importance on a child’s education of preventing injuries and implementing intervention programmes that support injured children. Greater attention is needed on equity-focused educational support and social policies addressing needs of children at risk of underachievement, including those from families experiencing poverty.
VIBES-Junior Study protocol
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024755

(https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/ip-2023-045027v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/ip-2023-044968v1/) Cannabinoid home storage practices among a national Qualtrics panel of adult users of cannabinoid products in the USA
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

Introduction
The presence of cannabinoid products in the home may increase the likelihood of unintended adverse consequences for children and adolescents. Secure storage of these products is one prevention method to decrease the risk of diversion and use of cannabinoid products among youth. We sought to examine cannabis, delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD) storage practices among a sample of adults 18–64 years old residing in the USA.
Methods
In December 2021, we conducted an online cross-sectional survey of 1042 current (past 30 day) users of cannabinoid products (88.3% cannabis, 49.0% delta-8 THC, and 67.2% CBD). Participants were asked about where they typically keep products in their home (ie, in a locked container, unlocked container, or out in the open). We conducted multinomial regression analyses to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and cannabinoid use behaviours with home storage practices.
Results
For all products, participants more frequently reported locking, followed by storing the product in an unlocked but not visible location. Storing the product in an unlocked and visible location was endorsed the least across all three products. Participants reported more frequent endorsement of locking cannabis products as compared with delta-8-THC and CBD. Storage practices varied by biological sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, educational attainment, having a child who lives in the home, frequency of use, possession of a medical cannabis card and exposure to advertising.
Conclusions
Increasing the prevalence of secure storage practices of cannabinoid products may facilitate prevention of unanticipated consequences associated with diversion of these products.

(https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/ip-2023-044968v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jme-2023-109650v1/) Getting rights right: implementing ‘Marthas Rule
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

The UK government has recently committed to adopting a new policy—dubbed ‘Martha’s Rule’—which has been characterised as providing patients the right to rapidly access a second clinical opinion in urgent or contested cases. Support for the rule emerged following the death of Martha Mills in 2021, after doctors failed to admit her to intensive care despite concerns raised by her parents. We argue that framing this issue in terms of patient rights is not productive, and should be avoided. Insofar as the ultimate goal of Martha’s Rule is the provision of a clinical service that protects patient safety, an approach that focuses on the obligations of the health system—rather than the individual rights of patients—will better serve this goal. We outline an alternative approach that situates rapid clinical review as part of a suite of services aimed at enhancing and protecting patient care. This approach would make greater progress towards addressing the difficult systemic issues that Martha’s Rule does not, while also better engaging with the constraints of clinical practice.
(https://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/jme-2023-109650v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jme-2023-109799v1/) Beyond algorithmic trust: interpersonal aspects on consent delegation to LLMs
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

Consent-GPT: is it ethical to delegate procedural consent to conversational AI?
In their article ‘Consent-GPT: is it ethical to delegate procedural consent to conversational AI?’, Allen et al1 explore the ethical complexities involved in handing over parts of the process of obtaining medical consent to conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, that is, AI-driven large language models (LLMs) trained to interact with patients to inform them about upcoming medical procedures and assist in the process of obtaining informed consent.1 They focus specifically on challenges related to accuracy (4–5), trust (5), privacy (5), click-through consent (5) and responsibility (5–6), alongside some pragmatic considerations (6). While the authors competently navigate these critical issues and present several key perspectives, we posit that their discussion on trust in what they refer to as ‘Consent-GPT’ significantly underestimates one vital factor: the interpersonal aspect of trust.
Admittedly, this interpersonal aspect is not completely overlooked….

(https://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/jme-2023-109799v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jme-2023-109652v1/) Limits of advance directives in decision-making around food and nutrition in patients with dementia
Jan 6th 2024, 12:31

Advance directives are critically important for capable individuals who wish to avoid the burdens of life-prolonging interventions in the advanced stages of dementia. However, this paper will argue that advance directives should have less application to questions about feeding patients during the clinical course of dementia than often has been presumed. The argument will be framed within the debate between Ronald Dworkin and Rebecca Dresser regarding the moral authority of precedent autonomy to determine an individual’s future end-of-life care plan. We will use a brief analysis of the positions taken in two important papers that come out of the Dworkin/Dresser debate and a hypothetical patient, John, who will be followed from diagnosis of dementia to death, to show how advance directives should apply to key points in the progression of his disease, particularly in relation to food and nutrition.
(https://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/jme-2023-109652v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jme-2023-109733v1/) Incision or insertion makes a medical intervention invasive. Commentary on ‘What makes a medical intervention invasive?
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

De Marco and colleagues claim that the standard account of invasiveness as commonly encountered ‘…does not capture all uses of the term in relation to medical interventions’. This is open to challenge. Their first example is ‘non-invasive prenatal testing’. Because it involves puncturing the skin to obtain blood, De Marco et al take this as an example of how an incision or insertion is not sufficient to make an intervention invasive; here is a procedure that involves an incision, but it is regarded as non-invasive. However, this ignores the context, and the term should really be understood in reference to the fetus. It is hard to believe healthcare professionals regard taking blood to measure, for example, ferritin levels as invasive but taking blood to look for fragments of fetal DNA as not. If anyone uses the term thinking it is not invasive to the mother, the solution would be to…
(https://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/jme-2023-109733v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tc-2023-058143v1/) Perspectives on reforming the tobacco tax administration system in Bangladesh to enhance public health
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Background
Taxation is the most cost-effective instrument to regulate the consumption of tobacco products. However, weak tax administration can compromise the effectiveness of taxation. This paper aimed to understand the process of the current tobacco tax administration system in Bangladesh, identify gaps and outline the policy priorities to strengthen the tobacco tax administration process in Bangladesh.
Methods
A sequential qualitative study was conducted in two linked phases: (a) document review and evidence synthesis; and (b) 20 key informant interviews and one workshop with relevant stakeholders to validate the findings generated from both phases.
Results
The complex tax system combined with weak tax administration leads to tax evasion in Bangladesh. The processes of procuring and collecting banderoles and tax stamps vary between cigarette and biri companies, and across large and small tax-paying companies. The use of banderoles at the factory level is maintained manually, and there is no system to routinely verify the authenticity of banderoles. Many unregistered small-scale tobacco manufacturing units often reuse the banderoles on new packs. Shortage of staff with inadequate training at the National Board of Revenue restricts adequate tobacco market monitoring. Electronic tax stamps and banderoles combined with a secure digital tracking and tracing system should be introduced to better monitor the supply, distribution and sale of tobacco products. Training needs to be provided to develop capacity of relevant officials.
Conclusion
The tobacco tax administration needs to be strengthened to increase the government’s tobacco tax revenue and protect public health.

(https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/tc-2023-058143v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tc-2023-058186v1/) Commercial tobacco endgame themes in the Australian media from 2000 to 2021
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Background
Conventional tobacco control is dominated by demand-reduction measures, whereas commercial tobacco endgame (endgame) policies address the key drivers that maintain the tobacco epidemic, such as Tobacco Industry interference in policymaking, the addictiveness of commercial tobacco products and their widespread availability via retail outlets. While Australia has been a pioneer in tobacco control, Australian Governments are yet to commit to endgame policies. The media play an important role reflecting and influencing public opinion and policymaker positions, and can help set the agenda for policy innovation.
Method
Media articles mentioning tobacco endgame goals and policies published between 2000 and 2021 were identified by searching Factiva and Google (News). We used reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) to identify themes in the articles, supported by content analysis, to describe elements of the data and sentiment analysis to categorise the article sentiment. A deductive–inductive approach was applied in the RTA, coding text from the articles against predefined codes, while also generating new codes where novel themes were identified. Codes were then grouped and summarised.
Results
One hundred and ninety-three articles were included for analysis. The media discourse focused on three policies: tobacco-free generation; banning or phasing out retail supply of tobacco; and mandating a very low nicotine content standard for cigarettes. A broad range of themes in the articles supported endgame policies, including the large health toll from tobacco, government responsibility to act and the total social costs far outweighing any economic benefit from the tobacco market. Opposing themes included the purported failures of ‘prohibition’, illicit trade, ‘nanny statism’ and impact on retail trade. Equity themes were scarce. The benefits of a smoke-free society were described at a societal level, rather than the personal benefits for individuals.
Conclusion
Media articles on the tobacco endgame in Australia generally contained positive sentiment about endgame policies. When engaging with the media, endgame advocates should be aware of, and ready to counter, opposing themes such as the purported failures of ‘prohibition’, ‘nanny state’ rhetoric or a growth in illicit tobacco trade.

(https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/tc-2023-058186v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tc-2023-058301v1/) Tobacco, nicotine and counter-marketing promotions using Instagrams branded content tool
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Background
The social media conglomerate, Meta, has a policy prohibiting promotion of tobacco products, vaporisers, electronic cigarettes or other products that simulate smoking via their branded content tools. This study examines if branded Instagram posts comply with these self-regulatory efforts.
Methods
We analysed the presence and content of tobacco/nicotine promotion, as well as counter-marketing, in a sample of 400 branded/paid partnership-labelled Instagram posts with tobacco/nicotine-related terms made between 31 July 2022 and 31 March 2023, gathered from Meta’s CrowdTangle tool and classified by CrowdTangle as being in English.
Results
Of the 217 active branded posts that mentioned or depicted tobacco/nicotine products, most promoted rather than countered the sale of such products (84.3% vs 15.7%, respectively). Posts originating from US Instagram users accounted for 42.6% of promotional content. After the USA, posts from Indonesia (19.1%), Pakistan (9.8%) and India (8.2%) were most frequent. Most posts were fully in English (74.9%). Posts featured hookah (39.4%), electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) accessories (17.5%), ENDS devices and e-liquids (16.9%) and various types of cigars (15.3%). The majority of US posts promoted venues or events where tobacco/nicotine products were featured (71.8%). Almost half of all promotional posts (47.0%) were sponsored by tobacco industry accounts. Posts that encouraged cessation were primarily (47.1%) sponsored by non-government organisations.
Conclusion
Despite attempts at self-regulation, paid partnership posts promoting tobacco and nicotine products are present on Instagram, especially posts promoting venues and events that feature tobacco and nicotine use. Self-regulation of this content shows limited success, suggesting a need for federal oversight and additional counter-marketing in social media settings.

(https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/tc-2023-058301v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tc-2023-058288v1/) “I think we can do without [tobacco]”: support for policies to end the tobacco epidemic among California adolescents
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Introduction
The tobacco endgame, policies aiming to end the commercial tobacco epidemic, requires sustained public support, including among youth. We assessed endgame support among California (USA) adolescents, including their reasons and associated participant and policy-specific factors.
Methods
Teens, Nicotine and Tobacco Project online surveys (n=4827) and focus groups were conducted in 2021 and 2022 among California residents aged 12–17 years. Cross-sectional survey participants were asked their agreement level with eight policy statements related to tobacco and/or cannabis sales restrictions, use in public places and use in multiunit housing. Ordered logistic regression modelled level of agreement according to respondent characteristics, behaviours and statement content. Qualitative data were collected through focus groups (n=51 participants), which were analysed to provide insight into support for different policies.
Results
Most survey participants agreed or strongly agreed with tobacco product sales restrictions (72%–75%, depending on the policy), bans on use in public spaces (76%–82%) and smoke-free (79%) and vape-free (74%) apartment buildings. Support was stronger among younger, female, Asian and tobacco non-using participants and for policies directed at ‘tobacco’ (vs ‘vapes’ or cannabis), at flavoured tobacco (compared with all tobacco), and when statements featured ‘should end’ (vs ‘not allowed’). Focus group participants who were supportive viewed policies as protecting children from harmful products, while those less supportive cited concerns about limiting adults’ freedoms and unintended consequences.
Conclusions
Most participants supported strong tobacco control policies. Public communication that promotes broader endgame benefits besides protecting youth and accelerates industry denormalisation may counter youth concerns and further bolster their support.

(https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/tc-2023-058288v1?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/lhb0000548/) An offer you cannot refuse: Plea offer size affects innocent but not guilty defendants’ perceptions of voluntariness.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Law and Human Behavior, Vol 47(6), Dec 2023, 619-633; doi:10.1037/lhb0000548
Objective: We examined whether various plea outcomes—including sentence reduction size (smaller, larger), type (traditional guilty plea, Alford plea), and frame (plea discount, trial penalty)—differentially affected innocent and guilty defendants’ perceptions of the voluntariness of their guilty pleas. Hypotheses: We hypothesized (1) guilty defendants would rate guilty pleas as more voluntary than would innocent defendants; (2) defendants would rate larger sentence reductions either as more voluntary than smaller sentence reductions because they feel more fair or as less voluntary because they feel harder to reject; (3) defendants would rate guilty pleas as more voluntary when the plea offer was framed as a discount compared with a penalty; (4) penalty framing would differentially affect defendants offered large versus small sentence reductions; and (5) Alford pleas would differentially affect guilty versus innocent defendants. Method: Adults from Qualtrics Research Panels (N = 1,518; Mage = 59.22 years; 52% male; 83% White, non-Hispanic) played the role of a defendant in a simulated plea decision-making process. They were either innocent or guilty of the accusation. The prosecutor offered them a plea deal that varied in sentence reduction size (smaller, versus larger), type (traditional versus Alford plea), and frame (plea discount versus trial penalty). Participants then decided how to plead and rated the voluntariness of the decision-making process. Results: Plea outcomes affected innocent and guilty defendants in slightly different ways. Innocent and guilty defendants were less likely to plead guilty when the plea offer had a smaller compared with a larger sentence reduction. However, innocent defendants were less likely to plead guilty overall, required more prompting from their defense attorney to plead guilty, and rated the plea decision-making process as less voluntary than did guilty defendants. Innocent defendants also rated the plea decision-making process as less voluntary when offered a smaller compared with larger sentence reduction and when they were offered an Alford plea compared with a traditional guilty plea. Framing the plea offer as a discount or a penalty did not affect defendants’ perceptions of voluntariness. Conclusion: Variations in plea outcomes affect defendants’ perceptions of voluntariness. Moreover, at least some courts’ definitions of voluntariness do not align with how laypeople—and thus, possible defendants—view the same construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/lhb0000544/) More than race? Intragroup differences by gender and age in perceptions of police among street-identified Black men and women.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Law and Human Behavior, Vol 47(6), Dec 2023, 634-653; doi:10.1037/lhb0000544
Objective: Whereas studies have documented racial differences in attitudes toward police between White and Black Americans, relatively little is known about the intragroup, gender-based variations among urban Black residents involved in criminal activity (i.e., street-identified men and women). Hypotheses: We hypothesized Black women would be more likely to believe in police legitimacy and positive intent than men (Hypothesis 1), especially among the younger segment of the sample (Hypothesis 2). We also expected this relationship to be moderated by contact with police (Hypothesis 3) and experiences with victimization (Hypothesis 4). Method: Using survey data, this Street Participatory Action Research project examined the direct and interactional relationships between gender, age, involuntary police contact, personal victimization, and participants’ perceptions of police legitimacy and positive intent. Participants included 515 street-identified Black men (40.4%; n = 208) and women (59.6%; n = 307), ages 18–35 years, from two high-crime neighborhoods in Wilmington, Delaware. Results: Women had significantly higher perceptions of police legitimacy than did men (Hypothesis 1). While older participants tended to have lower perceptions that the police behave with positive intent, age did not moderate the relationship between gender and perceptions of police (Hypothesis 2). The relationship between gender and perceptions of positive police intent was moderated by involuntary police contact (Hypothesis 3) and experiences of victimization (Hypothesis 4). Conclusions: Contrary to existing literature, prior involuntary police contact mattered more for street-identified Black women than men in predicting perceptions of police. Experiences of victimization were also more impactful for these perceptions for street-identified Black women than men. Men’s perceptions of positive police intent were consistent, regardless of the frequency of police contact, whereas women’s favorable perceptions declined with more police contact and victimization experiences, and they eventually became more critical of the police than their male counterparts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
(https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000544) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sextrans-2023-055861v1/) Influences affecting decision-making regarding use of pre-exposure prophylaxis among black men who have sex with men in the USA: a systematic review and meta-synthesis
Jan 6th 2024, 12:30

Aim
To systematically identify, evaluate, and synthesise qualitative research examining positive and negative influences affecting decision-making behaviour among black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in the USA regarding use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Background
Used correctly, PrEP is highly efficacious in preventing HIV infection and is available via healthcare services throughout the USA. BMSM are a key target population for HIV prevention services, however their engagement with these services is low. With potential barriers to access ranging from systemic to personal, a phenomenological perspective on the influences affecting individuals’ decision-making is essential, helping to better understand the needs of this target population and guide development and delivery of more effective future policy and intervention services.
Design
Qualitative meta-synthesis with meta-aggregation.
Data sources
The electronic databases Medline, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Embase and Ovid Emcare were comprehensively searched from inception to 21 January 2022.
Review methods
Systematic identification, quality assessment and synthesis of existing qualitative research according to protocols of meta-aggregation. This included identifying salient study findings and corroborating illustrations from the data, sorting like findings into descriptive themed categories and developing transformative synthesised statements from aggregate appraisal of category findings.
Results
Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed to be of acceptable quality. Synthesis of study data yielded 30 categories grouped under five themes: Stigma, Discrimination, Mistrust, PrEP positivity and PrEP negativity. Twelve synthesised statements were produced to provide a summary of the results and suggest improvements to the delivery of future PrEP services and interventions.
Conclusion
A more targeted approach focused on advocacy and ambassadorship outside of clinical settings may be more influential in positive decision-making regarding use of PrEP in BMSM populations than relying on traditional outreach methods via institutions and their representatives where stigma, mistrust and structural inequalities perpetuate.

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sah0000322/) Fussy, fad, and frustrating?: Stigma toward picky eaters and popular dieters by peers.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Stigma and Health, Vol 8(4), Nov 2023, 409-415; doi:10.1037/sah0000322
Individuals commonly tailor their diets for reasons such as weight loss, health promotion, taste preferences, religious purposes, and to accommodate food allergies. Many individuals who adopt dietary changes, however, report experiencing significant social consequences such as stigma. This study explored stigma against various diet types and how one’s own dietary patterns influence stigma toward others’ eating behaviors. Participants (N = 509) completed an online survey assessing their own dietary patterns and stigma toward others’ dietary patterns. On average, participants reported the greatest stigma toward picky eaters and people who follow popular diets. Five mixed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted to understand differences in stigma toward eating styles held by those who endorsed that eating style and those that did not. Men reported significantly more stigma toward eating styles than women; thus, gender was entered as a covariate for each ANOVA. Compared to non-picky eaters, picky eaters reported significantly lower stigma toward picky eating but significantly higher stigma toward all other eating styles except popular diets. There were no other significant differences in stigma reported between those who did or did not adhere to a given eating style. Future research should utilize more diverse samples and evaluate stigma experienced both by and toward others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/lhb0000549/) Cognitive-behavioral reciprocity: Testing the bidirectional relationship between antisocial cognition and delinquency.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Law and Human Behavior, Vol 47(6), Dec 2023, 654-665; doi:10.1037/lhb0000549
Objective: Although reciprocity between variables is a topic of interest in the field of criminology, we cannot simply assume that all or even most criminological relationships are bidirectional without testing them empirically. The objective of the current investigation was to test whether delinquency and antisocial cognition are reciprocally or bidirectionally related. Hypotheses: The hypotheses evaluated as part of the present study proposed that antisocial cognition would predict delinquency, delinquency would predict antisocial cognition, and bidirectional models would display significantly better fit than the unidirectional models on which they are based. Method: Using data from the Pathways to Desistance study (1,354 serious justice-involved youths), I explored whether antisocial cognition predicts delinquency and a change in delinquency and whether delinquency predicts antisocial cognition and a change in antisocial cognition. I paired two forms of antisocial cognition—moral neutralization and cognitive impulsivity—with delinquency to predict a single future outcome with a zero-order correlation and a lagged outcome or change with a partial correlation. Results: Findings showed that 40 out of 40 prospective zero-order correlations and 36 out of 40 prospective partial correlations achieved significance, with moderate and small effect sizes, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed that the bidirectional models linking moral neutralization to delinquency and cognitive impulsivity to delinquency using lagged outcome measures both achieved significantly better fit than the unidimensional models on which they were based. Conclusion: The results of this study are congruent with the conclusion that the relationship between antisocial cognition and delinquency is reciprocal and that antisocial cognition is as much a predictor of delinquency as delinquency is a predictor of antisocial cognition. Thus, both patterns need to be taken into account for the purposes of theory integration in criminology, clinical practice in forensic psychology, and policy implementation in criminal justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sextrans-2023-056055v1/) Mpox after vaccination: a case series
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

In 2022, in response to the global mpox outbreak, Portugal introduced the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine for at-risk groups; two intradermal doses were preferred to maximise vaccine availability. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics of vaccinated and unvaccinated patients diagnosed with mpox at a sexual health clinic in Lisbon (June to September 2023). Among 24 individuals, six had received full vaccination (table 1); most had no relevant medical history, whereas one had well-controlled HIV infection. In four (67%) patients, mpox occurred >6 months after vaccination. Limited data from the current outbreak suggest a vaccine efficacy of 66–89%,1 2 with vaccinated people experiencing a reduced risk of severe disease and a shorter disease duration.2 In agreement with the emerging evidence, this small case series indicates that vaccination may reduce mpox disease severity; we observed fewer lesions and more localised manifestations in vaccinated…
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sah0000333/) Implicit ethnic–racial self-stereotyping’s relation to children’s body mass index and diet: The moderating role of self-esteem.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Stigma and Health, Vol 8(4), Nov 2023, 416-427; doi:10.1037/sah0000333
Childhood obesity in the United States has disproportionately affected Latinx and Black children. The authors examine this issue by drawing upon implicit social cognition theory and social–psychological models of health and stress to propose and test a relation between negative implicit self-stereotyping and body mass index (BMI) and diet. Furthermore, it was predicted that self-esteem would buffer this relation because it is a psychological resource that functions to protect against stressors like the psychological experience of stigma. The authors recruited a community sample of 9–12-year-old Latinx and Black children and measured individual differences in implicit and explicit associations between the self and group stereotypes, self-esteem, objective BMI, and diet. Consistent with the main hypotheses, strong negative implicit (but not explicit) self-stereotyping was associated with higher levels of body mass indices in the obesity range and less healthy diet, but only among children with low self-esteem. Among children with high self-esteem, these relations were absent. These results held even after controlling for the contribution of parents’ BMI, diet, education, and household income. These data are the first to theoretically and empirically link implicit self-stereotyping and self-esteem with physiological risk factors for chronic health conditions. Thus, this research contributes to understanding disparities among stigmatized ethnic–racial children in the United States and beyond. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tam0000221/) Applications of the alternative model for personality disorders to threat assessment.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Vol 10(4), Dec 2023, 229-235; doi:10.1037/tam0000221
The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders introduced a dimensional, trait-based model of personality disorder diagnosis. Although research suggests that AMPD is reliable, valid, and useful for the purposes of assessing personality pathology, its applications are more ramified than that. One area in which there is potential for applying for the AMPD is threat assessment, although research on this is still in its infancy. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight cutting-edge research showcasing applications of the AMPD to threat assessment and to suggest directions for future research and application using this model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sextrans-2023-055975v1/) Point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among pregnant women in South Africa, 2021-2022: randomised controlled trial
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Objective
Pregnant and postpartum women (PPW) in Southern Africa are at increased risk of acquiring HIV and curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is safe and effective to use during pregnancy to reduce HIV acquisition and vertical transmission. Point-of-care (POC) STI testing can identify PPW at risk of HIV and facilitate risk-differentiated and person-centred counselling to improve PrEP initiation, persistence and adherence. We evaluated the impact of POC STI testing compared with STI syndromic management on PrEP outcomes among PPW in Cape Town, South Africa.
Methods
The STI and PrEP in Pregnancy Study enrolled PPW without HIV and ≤34 weeks pregnant at their regular antenatal care visit with follow-up after 1 month. PPW were randomised to receive POC STI testing or STI syndromic management. PPW randomised to POC STI testing self-collected vaginal swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis (Cepheid GeneXpert) testing and were offered same-day treatment if diagnosed. We compared PrEP initiation at baseline, PrEP prescription refill at 1 month (persistence) and adherence through tenofovir-diphosphate detection in dried blood spots by randomisation arm. In a secondary analysis, we evaluated the association between an STI diagnosis (positive STI test or reporting STI symptoms) with PrEP outcomes.
Results
We enrolled and randomised 268 pregnant women. Twenty-eight per cent of women were diagnosed with ≥1 STI. Overall, 65% of women initiated and 79% persisted on PrEP with no significant differences by randomisation arm. Secondary analysis demonstrated that an STI diagnosis (positive STI test or reporting STI symptoms) was associated with higher PrEP initiation (adjusted relative risk=1.28; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.52), controlling for arm, maternal and gestational age.
Conclusions
POC STI testing was not associated with PrEP initiation or persistence relative to syndromic management. However, improving STI diagnosis by supplementing syndromic management with POC STI testing could improve PrEP initiation among PPW.
Trial registration number
NCT03902418; Clinical Trials.gov; 1 April 2019.

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sah0000303/) Examining the relation between discrimination and suicide among Black Americans: The role of social pain minimization and decreased bodily trust.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Stigma and Health, Vol 8(4), Nov 2023, 428-436; doi:10.1037/sah0000303
Despite robust associations between discrimination and suicidality, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood (Gomez et al., Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2011, 40, 1465; Hunger et al., Stigma and Health, 2020a, 5, 217). The current study tested whether discrimination leads to suicidal ideation through a process whereby social pain minimization erodes trust in bodily sensations. We predicted that among Black participants, discriminatory experiences would be related to social pain minimization and this invalidation in turn was predicted to relate to impaired trust in bodily sensation and ultimately, suicidal ideation. Given the systemic racism Black Americans experience, we recruited 341 Black participants and asked them to complete surveys assessing their experiences of discrimination, social pain minimization, bodily trust, and suicidal ideation. Findings supported the proposed model, and were consistent with the hypothesis that discrimination was related to suicidal ideation through minimization of social pain and reduced trust of body sensations. These findings suggest that clinical interventions targeting bodily trust and public health policy initiatives targeting social pain minimization may be useful methods of decreasing suicidal ideation in those that face discriminatory experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tam0000220/) The alternative model for personality disorders and violence risk: Where are we now? Where are we going?
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Vol 10(4), Dec 2023, 236-251; doi:10.1037/tam0000220
Personality science has steadily developed the alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) for more than 10 years. While there has been considerable headway validating important aspects of the AMPD, forensic practitioners assessing risk have limited empirical support for integrating the AMPD into their everyday practice. To begin addressing this dearth of research, we describe the current state of the AMPD and ways in which it applies to violence risk. We also contrast the body of AMPD literature to that of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder, including discussing the strengths and limitations of including psychopathy in contemporary forensic practice. We go on to review the legal standards governing the admissibility of psychometric evidence in court and then examine ways the AMPD could be bolstered in legal settings by additional research. We end by offering suggestions for clinical scientists investigating personality disorders, including ways in which AMPD research efforts can support forensic practitioners in their applied work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sextrans-2023-056033v1/) Painful proctitis associated with anorectal mpox, syphilis, HSV, LGV, gonorrhoea and Mycoplasma genitalium in a person living with virologically suppressed HIV and vaccinated against mpox
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

A gay man with well-controlled HIV and vaccinated against mpox presented with severe proctitis. Testing revealed anorectal mpox, herpes simplex virus, lymphogranuloma venereum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium. Serology was indicative of infectious syphilis. This case highlights the need to consider a wide range of concurrent sexually transmitted infections in patients with proctitis, including those vaccinated against mpox.
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/sah0000302/) Psychometric evaluation and validation of the HIV Stigma Scale in Spanish among men who have sex with men and transgender women.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Stigma and Health, Vol 8(4), Nov 2023, 437-444; doi:10.1037/sah0000302
Stigma and discrimination toward the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) community is pervasive and negatively impacts health. Validated measures of stigma in Spanish, however, are limited and none have specifically validated HIV-related stigma in Spanish-speaking men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a standardized HIV Stigma Scale, translated to Spanish, including its factor structure. Measures consisted of self-reported sociodemographic measures of age, sex, sexual orientation, education, employment status, income, living situation, HIV stigma, depressive symptoms, and social support. Using SPSS AMOS 24, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 10-item Wright HIV Stigma Scale translated to Spanish was conducted in 359 MSM and TGW with HIV recruited from HIV clinics in Lima, Peru. The path model with three subscales: enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma, with eight items had an adequate fit to the data. The Spanish version (HIV Stigma Scale-ES) and its dimensions are similar to the ones validated in English for people with HIV (not MSM). Each construct was deemed to be reliable and showed good construct validity. Given the need to better understand and measure stigma in Spanish-speaking MSM, the HIV Stigma Scale-ES can be a useful tool to examine stigma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/tam0000212/) Association between maladaptive personality traits and violence risk.
Jan 6th 2024, 12:29

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Vol 10(4), Dec 2023, 252-261; doi:10.1037/tam0000212
Previous research has shown that maladaptive personality traits in the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) are associated with potential for violence. AMPD traits can be measured at varying levels of specificity, ranging from broad personality domains to more specific trait facets. The level of abstraction at which traits might be optimal for predicting violence remains unclear. In this study, we used hierarchical principal component analysis to construct a hierarchical structure of AMPD traits and a Bayesian approach to multiple regression to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of traits at different levels of specificity for predicting violence potential in a sample of college students (N = 922). Results suggest that, in general, maladaptive traits account for a large amount of variance in potential for violence and that validity increases with greater complexity in the trait model. These findings add to previous research on the applications of AMPD traits and have implications for the use of these traits in applied risk assessments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
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Forwarded by:
Michael Reeder LCPC
Baltimore, MD

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