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[Article Digests for Psychology & Social Work]

NYU Information for Practice Daily Digest (Unofficial)

 

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/aha-comments-on-inpatient-psychiatric-facility-fy-2025-proposed-payment-rule/) AHA Comments on Inpatient Psychiatric Facility FY 2025 Proposed Payment Rule
May 31st 2024, 15:14

While we are grateful for the chance to provide feedback on the revisions to the IPF PPS as well as the development of an IPF patient assessment instrument (PAI), we urge CMS to proceed on the latter with more caution and less haste. 
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/14713012241248556/) Implementing global positioning system trackers for people with dementia who are at risk of wandering
May 31st 2024, 14:32

Dementia, Ahead of Print. ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using a GPS tracker to mitigate the risks associated with wandering for people with dementia and those caring for them and further evaluate the impact of trackers in delaying 24-hour care and the potential for reducing the involvement of support services, such as the police, in locating patients.MethodsWe recruited forty-five wearers-carers dyads, and a GPS tracker was issued to each participant. Dyads completed pre-and post-outcome questionnaires after six months, and a use-log of experiences was maintained through monthly monitoring calls. At six months, focus groups were conducted with 14 dyads where they shared ideas and learning. Data analyses were performed on outcome questionnaires, use-log analysis, and focus groups discussion.ResultsA 24% (N = 14) attrition rate was recorded, with 76% (N = 34) of the participants completing pre- and post-outcome questionnaires, of which 41% (N = 14) attended four focus group meetings. Participants reported enhanced independence for wearers as fewer restrictions were placed on their movements, peace of mind and reduced burden for the carers with less need to involve police or social services, and delays in 24-hour care.ConclusionThe results supported the feasibility of routine implementation of GPS trackers in dementia care with clear guidance, monitoring and support to family carers on safe use. This could delay admission into 24-hour care as wearers and carers have a greater sense of safety and are better connected should help be required. Studies with larger sample sizes, diverse participants and health economic analysis are needed to develop the evidence base further ahead of the routine implementation of GPS trackers in health and social care services.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14713012241248556?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/09637214241242452/) Intraindividual Conflicts Reduce the Polarization of Attitudes
May 31st 2024, 14:24

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Societies are increasingly divided about political issues such as migration or counteracting climate change. This attitudinal polarization is the basis for intergroup conflict and prevents societal progress in addressing pressing challenges. Research on attitude change should provide an answer regarding how people might be persuaded to move away from the extremes to take a moderate stance. However, persuasive communication often most strongly affects those who hold a moderate attitude or are undecided. More importantly, barely any research has explicitly aimed at mitigating extreme attitudes and behavioral tendencies. Addressing this gap, this article summarizes research demonstrating that (different types of) intraindividual conflicts might be a means to mitigate polarized attitudes. Goal conflicts, cognitive conflicts, counterfactual thinking, and paradoxical thinking facilitate cognitive flexibility. This, in turn, seems to initiate the consideration of alternative stances and mitigate the polarization of attitudes. We discuss the limitations of the existing research and the potential of this approach for interventions.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09637214241242452?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/09637214241242459/) There Are Multiple Paths to Personalized Education, and They Should Be Combined
May 31st 2024, 13:24

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The ubiquity of digital devices has made it feasible to assign different tasks and levels of support to different learners, also in the classroom. Ideally, this is done with the help of formative assessment software or intelligent tutoring systems. However, personalized assignment of tasks and support levels by a teacher or teaching agent has limitations and is only one path to successful personalization. Self-regulated learning and adaptable learning activities, such as generative learning strategies and differentiating tasks, are promising paths to personalization, too, and combine well with personalized assignment. Initial examples of such combinations are presented. I argue that, in order to be maximally effective, different paths to personalized education need to be combined. This combination promises to boost both immediate learning outcomes and successful learning in the long term, and it is facilitated by recent advances in artificial intelligence.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09637214241242459?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/higher-education-education-could-improve-information-on-accommodations-for-students-with-disabilities/) Higher Education: Education Could Improve Information on Accommodations for Students with Disabilities
May 31st 2024, 12:54

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/higher-education-education-could-improve-information-on-accommodations-for-students-with-disabilities/) Higher Education: Education Could Improve Information on Accommodations for Students with Disabilities was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00986283241240454/) Getting Students Interested in Psychological Measurement by Experiencing the Barnum Effect
May 31st 2024, 12:24

Teaching of Psychology, Ahead of Print. Background: Fake psychological tests tend to be viewed as completely believable (Barnum effect), meaning psychometric properties cannot be judged subjectively. Experiencing this effect first-hand could help get students interested in the science of psychological assessment. Objective: In a blended learning perspective, we created materials to elicit a Barnum effect with a brief online fake test and tested the benefits of this procedure for student engagement. Method: Five cohorts of undergraduate psychology students (total N = 2,269) completed the fake test online prior to their first psychometrics course. We collected single-item ratings of perceived effectiveness for the test, willingness to use it, and course engagement (interest and enthusiasm for the course). We also retrieved grades. Results: Eighty-five percent of students rated the effectiveness of the fake test above the neutral point; 77% were willing to use it as future psychologists. Experiencing the effect was related to significantly increased interest and enthusiasm, and higher grades. Conclusion: Having students experience the Barnum effect for themselves is a useful and effortless approach to get them interested in psychometrics. Teaching Implications: Teachers of introductory courses related to psychological measurement should consider having all students experience the Barnum effect. All materials are provided.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00986283241240454?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/hex-13931/) Public and patient involvement in the development of an internet‐based guide for persistent somatic symptoms (GUIDE.PSS): A qualitative study on the needs of those affected
May 31st 2024, 12:21

Abstract
Background
Persistent somatic symptoms (PSS) frequently remain under-treated in health care settings. Evidence-based services that lead affected individuals to early guideline-based care are currently missing. This study aimed to identify the needs of those affected concerning an internet-based guide. The second aim was to evaluate public and patient involvement (PPI).
Methods
Participants experiencing PSS for at least 6 months were recruited via hospitals, psychotherapeutic practices and self-help organizations. Qualitative data were gathered via ideation discussions and prioritization tasks. Thematic analysis was conducted to gain insight on the needs of people with lived experiences. PPI was quantitatively evaluated with the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool.
Results
A total of 12 individuals participated (eight females, ages 22–66 years, duration of symptoms 1–43 years). Participants wanted to feel more supported, validated, in control and engaged with managing their health. Content-related preferences included education, self-help, social support and contact addresses. The majority of participants (>90%) experienced their involvement as worthwhile.
Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies describing PPI in intervention development for PSS. The involvement was perceived as a valuable contribution to the development process.
Patient or Public Contribution
Adults with lived experiences were involved at the level of collaboration through the establishment of a participatory research team (PRT) and at the level of consultation through a workshop series, including one of the coauthors. They were involved in developing and validating intervention material and checking data interpretation.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hex.13931?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/monographs-edited-collections/schatzbergs-manual-of-clinical-psychopharmacology-tenth-edition/) Schatzberg’s Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Tenth Edition
May 31st 2024, 11:48

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/1354067x241246760/) Searching for meaning through conspiracy theories. Considerations on the state of the art of psychological literature and definition of a research agenda from a semiotic dynamic cultural perspective
May 31st 2024, 11:24

Culture &Psychology, Ahead of Print. Why do conspiracy theories abound in critical times? The purpose of this article is to provide an extensive critical review of research perspectives that focus, in the age of crisis, on the human processes of sensemaking in the creation and diffusion of conspiracy theories. Correlational methods of study are not enough to highlight psychic and collective dynamics. The authors trace some paths through various contributions from different disciplines (from social psychology to psychoanalysis, from neuroscience to cultural psychology), and link some of the psychic mechanisms and factors that have emerged as fundamental in a broad and flexible theoretical framework based on affective semiosis.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354067X241246760?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/infographics/dq240320h-eng-htm/) Life satisfaction in Canada, 2023
May 31st 2024, 10:26

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/podcasts/why-stigma-with-michaela-benson/) Why Stigma? With Michaela Benson
May 31st 2024, 10:26

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00986283241243089/) Students in Team-Based Learning Classes Report Greater Belongingness
May 31st 2024, 10:24

Teaching of Psychology, Ahead of Print. Background: Belongingness is an important predictor of academic and psychological outcomes in college students. Team-based learning (TBL) includes a number of explicit structures that should increase students’ perceived belongingness (compared to other teaching approaches), including permanent team membership, and activities that encourage team interactions. Objective: In two studies, we compared perceived belongingness reported by students taught using TBL and non-TBL methods to determine whether students taught using TBL reported greater perceived belongingness. Method: In study 1, we measured perceived belongingness at the end of four different semesters of TBL and non-TBL sections of Introduction to Psychology. In study 2, we measured belongingness in a pre–post design, again in TBL and non-TBL sections of Introduction to Psychology. Results: In both studies, TBL students reported significantly greater belongingness than non-TBL students. Teaching Implications: These data contribute to a growing body of literature indicating that TBL has social and emotional benefits in addition to the previously established academic benefits. As such, instructors should consider adopting TBL.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00986283241243089?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/1354067x241242413/) Identity in university students: The semiotic work of making sense of yourself
May 31st 2024, 10:24

Culture &Psychology, Ahead of Print. The development of a deepened sense of self in young adults is a complex process. In this paper, we report on an interdisciplinary research project on identity formation among students at the University of the Free State from the perspective of semiotic work. Based on work in psychology and semiotics, we interviewed fifty-seven students about their identity. In particular, we asked students to bring along ‘something’ that they thought represents their identity, and we asked them to explain their choice. We first performed a semiotic analysis on the representations the students brought and then coded their motivations for themes. We found identity formation along the lines suggested by existing literature, with themes related to the importance of finding both an authentic and relational sense of self in a growth process that contains elements of hardship and strength. The study did, however, find two points of interests, namely the fact that very few students brought a material representation with them as well as the fact that students oscillated between resilience and succumbing to pressure.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354067X241242413?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/09637214241226676/) The New Psychology of Secrecy
May 31st 2024, 10:11

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Nearly everyone keeps secrets, but only recently have we begun to learn about the secrets people keep in their everyday lives and the experiences people have with their secrets. Early experimental research into secrecy sought to create secrecy situations in the laboratory, but in trying to observe secrecy in real time, these studies conflated secrecy with the act of concealment. In contrast, a new psychology of secrecy recognizes that secrecy is far more than biting our tongues and dodging others’ questions. Our secrets can consume mental space before and after concealment situations, and even the secrets that require no active upkeep can burden the secret keeper. The current article reviews recent insights into the many ways in which our secrets relate to personal and relational well-being and what follows from revealing our secrets.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09637214241226676?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/oregon-state-hospital-has-backlog-of-guilty-except-for-insanity-patients-deemed-ready-for-discharge/) Oregon State Hospital has backlog of guilty except for insanity patients deemed ready for discharge
May 31st 2024, 10:02

It didn’t used to be that way. For years, the Oregon State Hospital (above) primarily housed people with chronic mental illness, some of whom stayed there for years. That began to change as the state shifted away from long-term institutionalization. In the 1970s, the Oregon Legislature passed laws to send people charged with crimes to the state hospital — both those who were deemed mentally unfit to stand trial and those found guilty except for insanity.
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/s1077722924000300/) The Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Patients With Endometriosis: A Topical Review
May 31st 2024, 09:54

Publication date: Available online 6 March 2024
Source: Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
Author(s): Claire E. Lunde, Ziyan Wu, Andrea Reinecke, Christine B. Sieberg
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1077722924000300?dgcid=rss_sd_all) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/s12910-024-01051-x/) Facing a request for assisted death – views of Finnish physicians, a mixed method study
May 31st 2024, 09:43

Assisted death, including euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS), is under debate worldwide, and these practices are adopted in many Western countries. Physicians’ attitudes toward assisted death vary…
(https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-024-01051-x) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00953997241244694/) Frictions on Both sides of the Counter? A Study of Red Tape Among Street-Level Bureaucrats and Administrative Burden Among Their Clients
May 31st 2024, 09:14

Administration &Society, Ahead of Print. Administrative burden research shows that onerous and dysfunctional policy design can have detrimental outcomes among policy recipients. But less is known about the intermediary role played by the street-level bureaucrats who enforce these policies in practice. Using two separate surveys of 775 unemployment benefit recipients and 107 counselors in the Danish unemployment benefit system, I find that recipients report higher levels of administrative burden when served by counselors who themselves experience red tape from the rules and procedures they have to implement. The findings have important policy implications by showing that experiences of frictions among those assigned to convert onerous policies into practice can exacerbate administrative burden among their clients.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00953997241244694?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/video/essential-health-care-services-addressing-intimate-partner-violence/) Essential Health Care Services Addressing Intimate Partner Violence
May 31st 2024, 09:11

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/community-interventions-for-pandemic-preparedness-a-scoping-review-of-pandemic-preparedness-lessons-from-hiv-covid-19-and-other-public-health-emergencies-of-international-concern/) Community interventions for pandemic preparedness: A scoping review of pandemic preparedness lessons from HIV, COVID-19, and other public health emergencies of international concern
May 31st 2024, 08:58

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/community-interventions-for-pandemic-preparedness-a-scoping-review-of-pandemic-preparedness-lessons-from-hiv-covid-19-and-other-public-health-emergencies-of-international-concern/) Community interventions for pandemic preparedness: A scoping review of pandemic preparedness lessons from HIV, COVID-19, and other public health emergencies of international concern was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/02685809241243009/) Fear, helplessness, pain, anger: The narrated emotions of intimate femicide perpetrators in Latin America
May 31st 2024, 08:54

International Sociology, Ahead of Print. While studies of femicide perpetrators have focused on background factors, such as criminal history and mental health conditions, little attention has been paid to their individual experiences. Perpetrators emotions and sense-making have often been overlooked and even dismissed. With a micro-sociological approach to violence, we identify the narrated emotions involved in the perpetration of intimate femicide. The data gathered are based on 33 open-ended interviews with convicted male perpetrators from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Mexico, and Venezuela. We identify four main emotions reflecting participants’ experiences of femicide: Fear, expressed through stories of women as threats to self, family, and community; helplessness, expressed through stories of men being trapped, judged, and persecuted; and pain, connected to stories of jealousy and belittlement. These lead to anger, expressed through stories of bodily reactions and losing control. The findings indicate that intimate femicide perpetrators resort to lethal violence to regulate self-worth and remediate actions they feel were disruptive. Our research demonstrates the importance of embodied and narrated emotions to understand femicides. We argue that viewing femicide as a product of a shared pervasive emotional economy highlights the role of emotions in maintaining a gendered social order.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02685809241243009?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/guidelines-plus/medicare-you/) Medicare & You
May 31st 2024, 08:53

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/leading-minds-2024-climate-action/) Leading Minds 2024: Climate action
May 31st 2024, 08:41

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/14713012241249796/) Living with dementia: Exploring the intersections of culture, race, and dementia, stigma
May 31st 2024, 07:07

Dementia, Ahead of Print. Research documents the presence of stigma and discrimination as key components in the lived experience of dementia. However, to date, there is limited understanding regarding how social location, particularly as it relates to culture and race, may shape this experience of stigma and discrimination. In this qualitative exploratory study, personal interviews were held with ten Chinese Canadians living with dementia focused on better understanding how culture, race, and dementia stigma influence their experiences. From the onset, themes related to stigma and discrimination were woven into the participants’ stories about living with dementia. Consistent with other research, all participants described an increased sense of vulnerability and invisibility related to how both they and others responded to their diagnosis of dementia. Participants also provided examples of how this experience of stigma was compounded by culture, race, and immigration status. Importantly, these acts of stigma and discrimination were both externally and internally imposed, resulting in feelings of lack of safety and insecurity. This research draws attention to the increased vulnerability that accompanies a diagnosis of dementia and illustrates how this may be heightened by one’s culture and racism.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14713012241249796?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/mental-disorders-may-spread-in-young-peoples-social-networks/) Mental disorders may spread in young people’s social networks
May 31st 2024, 06:36

Using population-wide registry data, researchers from the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, the University of Jyväskylä and the University of Manchester investigated whether mental disorders can be transmitted within social networks formed by school classes. 
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/01650254241233532/) Family obligation moderates longitudinal associations between parental psychological control and adjustment of urban adolescents
May 31st 2024, 06:26

International Journal of Behavioral Development, Ahead of Print. This study investigated child-reported family obligation values (FOVs) in early adolescence as a moderator for associations between mother-, father-, and child-reported parental psychological control (PC) in early adolescence and child-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescents in the Philippines. Data were drawn from three waves of a larger longitudinal study, when the Filipino youth were in late elementary grades (age M = 12.04, SD = 0.58; N = 91), in junior high school (age M = 15.03, SD = 0.59; N = 80), and in senior high school (age M = 17.00, SD = 0.59, N = 75). Results revealed that high levels of FOV buffered the positive associations between mother-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in late adolescence, and between child-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescence, as well as externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Conversely, low levels of FOV exacerbated the associations between mother- and child-reported PC on externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Findings suggest that FOV may shape the meaning and influence of PC for children and adolescents in contexts where familial obligations are normative and important.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01650254241233532?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00953997241249174/) Social Equity and the Responsible Administrator: The Challenge of Equity in Public Policy Initiatives
May 31st 2024, 05:23

Administration &Society, Ahead of Print. Social equity is a normative value in the field of public administration; however, policy guidance and associated funding rules are often rooted in values of equality. This perspective explores the conditions under which a public administrator’s professional responsibility to social equity goes beyond a program’s requirements for equality-based outcomes. This mismatch often results in extraneous efforts on the part of the administrator to implement creative solutions above and beyond what is funded and required by bureaucratic guidance. Realigning program rules and providing sufficient funding with an eye for equity will provide responsible public administrators with sufficient resources for success.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00953997241249174?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/14550725241243150/) Sales of tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products, especially nicotine pouches, increased in Finland during the COVID-19 pandemic
May 31st 2024, 04:49

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Ahead of Print. Aim: Some previous studies suggest that the consumption of tobacco and nicotine products overall declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the results are mixed. We investigated tobacco and nicotine product sales in Finland, including the sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Our particular focus was on nicotine pouches used as NRT. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sales of tobacco and NRT products in 2020 by comparing the sales to the previous year. Methods: The data were derived from a large sales group (S group) in Finland, representing 46% of the market share in grocery trade in 2020. The gross weekly sales of tobacco (cigarettes, loose tobacco) and NRT (patches, inhalers, tablets, gum and “other”, consisting mainly of nicotine pouches) were retrieved from February to December 2020 from 1062 points of sale throughout the country and compared to the same period in 2019. Results: During this period, there was a significant increase in cigarette sales. Moreover, the sales of NRT were significantly higher throughout 2020 compared with 2019. Specifically, the sales of nicotine pouches sold as NRT increased, especially after the travel restrictions in Finland were initiated and the national boundaries closed in the spring of 2020. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland, the sales of cigarettes and NRT products increased, especially those of nicotine pouches sold as NRT. Our findings call for further research to reveal the factors leading to this increase and to determine whether the situation is long-standing.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14550725241243150?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/ppcr-resilience-and-infrastructure/) PPCR: Resilience and infrastructure
May 31st 2024, 04:48

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/ppcr-resilience-and-infrastructure/) PPCR: Resilience and infrastructure was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/s13031-023-00560-7/) Health systems resilience in fragile and conflict-affected settings: a systematic scoping review
May 31st 2024, 04:44

Health systems resilience (HSR) research is a rapidly expanding field, in which key concepts are discussed and theoretical frameworks are emerging with vibrant debate. Fragile and conflict-affected settings (F…
(https://conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13031-023-00560-7) Read the full article ›
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/s13031-023-00560-7/) Health systems resilience in fragile and conflict-affected settings: a systematic scoping review was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

Forwarded by:
Michael Reeder LCPC
Baltimore, MD

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