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<td><span style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">PsyPost – Psychology News</span></td>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/how-major-depressive-disorder-alters-the-body-s-amino-acid-metabolism/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Major depressive disorder might alter the body’s amino acid metabolism</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 21st 2026, 10:00</div>
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<p><p>Depression appears to drive changes in how the body processes a specific amino acid called valine, rather than the other way around. This discovery, published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06851-6"><em>Psychopharmacology</em></a>, helps explain why metabolic problems often accompany poor mental health.</p>
<p>The World Health Organization currently ranks depression as the third leading cause of the global disease burden. Experts project it will reach the number one spot by the end of the decade. Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental health conditions worldwide, affecting how people feel, think, and handle daily activities.</p>
<p>Depression is primarily known for its psychological toll, but it also produces physical symptoms like fatigue, appetite loss, and sleep disturbances. Many individuals with the disorder eventually develop metabolic abnormalities. Patients often experience unexplainable shifts in how their body processes energy, which has puzzled the medical community for years.</p>
<p>Some patients develop a cluster of metabolic conditions that includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels. Patients dealing with both psychological symptoms and metabolic syndrome face a heavier overall disease burden. This combination typically creates a much tougher path to recovery for the patient.</p>
<p>A leading suspect in these metabolic shifts is the regulation of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic chemical units of proteins, which the body uses to build tissue and create chemical messengers. Some of these are known as branched-chain amino acids, named for a physical structure that resembles a branching tree. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine are the three kinds of branched-chain amino acids found prominently in the human diet and body.</p>
<p>These specific amino acids play directly into brain function. They rely on special transport proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, a tight cellular boundary that protects the nervous system. Once inside the brain, they help maintain normal cellular function and aid in the production of specific mental health chemicals. </p>
<p>Certain amino acids compete for the same transports as the chemical precursors to serotonin, a compound heavily tied to mood regulation. When the body fails to metabolize these nutrients properly, the resulting imbalance can interfere with overall brain health.</p>
<p>Previous research offered conflicting views on the relationship between branched-chain amino acids and depression. Some small-scale observational studies suggested that high levels of these amino acids offered a protective effect against depression. Other large-scale projects found the exact opposite, noting that high levels of isoleucine were tied to an increased risk of developing the disorder. These mixed results left scientists unsure of how to interpret the data.</p>
<p>Observational studies suffer from a classic directional dilemma. When researchers observe a link between a chemical and a disease, they cannot easily tell which one caused the other. The relationship might also be entirely coincidental, driven by outside factors like diet, exercise habits, or gut bacteria.</p>
<p>To bypass these confounding variables, researchers Xiang Li and Jianyi Wang at Guangxi University in China utilized a different approach. The scientific team turned to genetics to establish the true sequence of events between depression and metabolic changes. Because inherited traits are assigned at birth, they act as a natural timeline.</p>
<p>This analytical technique is called Mendelian randomization. Scientists look at tiny genetic differences that influence a specific trait, such as the natural concentration of valine in the blood. People inherit these genetic markers randomly from their parents. As a result, the genes act like a randomized clinical trial, naturally separating the population into groups with lifelong high or low levels of an amino acid.</p>
<p>By observing these large groups, researchers can see if a lifetime of elevated valine leads to higher rates of depression. They can also run the statistical test in the opposite direction. By analyzing natural genetic markers tied to a higher risk of depression, scientists can check if an increased risk for the psychological disorder leads to elevated amino acid levels.</p>
<p>The study utilized public databases containing genetic information from hundreds of thousands of people. The researchers gathered large-scale genomic data covering individuals with diagnosed major depressive disorder. They also pulled data for more than 115,000 individuals with recorded levels of the three branched-chain amino acids. </p>
<p>The selected genomic data was restricted to individuals of European descent to prevent population differences from skewing the statistics. The data was filtered again to remove genetic variations known to be linked to outside lifestyle factors, such as high alcohol consumption.</p>
<p>The researchers first tested the hypothesis that high levels of amino acids influence mental health. When they ran the statistical models, the results were not statistically significant. A genetic predisposition to naturally higher levels of valine, leucine, or isoleucine did not increase the likelihood of developing the mental health condition.</p>
<p>The reverse analysis yielded a different outcome. The researchers found that a genetic predisposition to major depressive disorder caused an increase in circulating valine levels. This directional relationship was exclusive to valine. The condition did not have a causal effect on leucine or isoleucine levels.</p>
<p>The discovery helps frame metabolic problems as a downstream consequence of depression. The research team proposed several biological explanations for why an individual with depression might experience a buildup of a single amino acid. One major factor involves the immune system.</p>
<p>Depression is frequently accompanied by chronic inflammation throughout the body and nervous system. When the body enters an inflammatory state, specialized immune cells become overly active. These cells release inflammatory chemical messengers like interleukins and tumor necrosis factors into the surrounding tissue.</p>
<p>These chemical signals act on the cellular level to modify how the body operates. Inflammatory signals can suppress the expression of genes responsible for absorbing and processing branched-chain amino acids. Specifically, the researchers pointed to a cellular pathway that downsizes the production of amino acid transport proteins. </p>
<p>Without enough of these proteins, cells absorb less valine. At the same time, the inflammation negatively affects the chemical catalysts responsible for breaking down the amino acid. Without the necessary catalysts functioning at full capacity, the body struggles to process and remove valine. </p>
<p>The chemical then accumulates in the bloodstream. This accumulation is not merely a harmless byproduct. The buildup of valine could potentially trigger further inflammatory responses from immune cells, creating a loop that sustains the physical symptoms of depression.</p>
<p>Another potential mechanism involves cellular energy production and an unconventional gas messenger called nitric oxide. Past studies have shown that patients with severe depression often produce higher levels of nitric oxide. This reactive gas can physically bind to and disable the specific protein groups that normally dismantle branched-chain amino acids for energy.</p>
<p>Inside human cells, structures called mitochondria generate the power needed to survive. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a known issue for people dealing with major depressive disorder. Because valine is normally broken down to help produce glucose for the body, struggling energy systems might be unable to process it efficiently.</p>
<p>The researchers additionally evaluated the genetic data to check for overlapping causal points. They sought to determine if a single biological mechanism, like a shared genetic mutation, was responsible for both the depression risk and the valine buildup. The statistical analysis showed no specific shared mutation. The link appears to stem from broader systemic bodily effects rather than one specific shared genetic flaw.</p>
<p>The findings come with a few caveats. The genetic data primarily relied on populations of European descent. The researchers noted that these results might not apply universally to populations with different genetic backgrounds. Broadening the scope of the genetic data in the future will help verify these patterns globally.</p>
<p>The exact biological mechanisms driving the valine accumulation still require experimental verification in a laboratory setting. The genetic evidence strongly points toward a specific directional relationship, but mapping the exact chemical pathways will take more time.</p>
<p>The medical field is increasingly recognizing the physical dimensions of mental health conditions. By mapping out how depression alters bodily functions like valine metabolism, researchers can begin to explore new avenues for treatment. Addressing these downstream metabolic effects could eventually help relieve the broader physical burden placed on those experiencing the disorder.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06851-6">Branched-chain amino acids and risk of major depressive disorder: a Mendelian randomization and colocalization study</a>,” was authored by Xiang Li and Jianyi Wang.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/purity-culture-exposure-linked-to-higher-sexual-shame-in-trauma-survivors/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Purity culture exposure linked to higher sexual shame in trauma survivors</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 21st 2026, 08:00</div>
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<p><p>A recent study published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2026.2653785" target="_blank">The Journal of Sex Research</a></em> suggests that exposure to strict religious sexual teachings can increase feelings of sexual shame, particularly for people who have survived sexual violence. The findings indicate that both childhood exposure to and adult acceptance of purity culture messages uniquely contribute to how individuals view themselves sexually after a nonconsensual experience. This research highlights the deep impact that specific religious scripts can have on psychological recovery and sexual well-being.</p>
<p>Scientists Anna Grace C. Coates, a clinical psychology doctoral student at the University of Texas at Austin, and Cindy M. Meston conducted the new study to better understand how religious messaging influences recovery from sexual trauma. Sexual shame is a well-documented outcome of nonconsensual sexual experiences. It is defined as a deep sense of inadequacy regarding one’s sexual identity, desires, and experiences. </p>
<p>Prior research indicates that feelings of sexual inferiority can severely impact a person’s future sexual health and overall psychological well-being. However, the specific role of religious environments in shaping these feelings remains relatively underexplored. Most previous studies only measured broad religious affiliation or focused exclusively on physical pain during intercourse. </p>
<p>The authors specifically focused on purity culture, a distinct and widespread movement within Evangelical Christianity. “Religion and sex are strange bedfellows, it seems, and I’ve always been interested in their integration,” Coates said. “Sexual shame can be a product of that coupling that I find particularly interesting, and purity culture, a set of sexual ethics, norms, and ideals in Evangelical Christianity, has sexual shame baked into it.”</p>
<p>Coates noted that she had only seen purity culture discussed anecdotally in podcasts, memoirs, and blogs. She wanted to examine it from an empirical perspective. Purity culture promotes strict sexual ethics that frame sex exclusively as a sacred act meant for a heterosexual marriage. </p>
<p>The movement heavily emphasizes abstinence before marriage through purity pledges and symbolically laden rings. It also tends to place the responsibility of preventing sexual behavior entirely onto women. These teachings often carry harsh social and spiritual consequences for any deviations.</p>
<p>To explore these questions, the scientists recruited 301 adults using an anonymous online research platform. Participants were compensated for their time and completed a series of online surveys. The researchers intentionally recruited individuals from the Southeastern United States because of its historically high prevalence of Evangelical Christianity and purity culture messaging. </p>
<p>Participants ranged in age from 19 to 79, with an average age of about 38. The sample was predominantly cisgender, white, heterosexual, and female. To participate, individuals had to be currently in a romantic relationship of at least three months, be sexually active, and be fluent in English. </p>
<p>The participants were divided into three nearly equal groups based on their history of sexual violence. One group consisted of 100 individuals who survived childhood sexual abuse. Another group included 101 adults who experienced nonconsensual sexual experiences in adulthood. The final group of 100 participants served as a control group with no history of nonconsensual sexual experiences. </p>
<p>The researchers used several detailed questionnaires to gather information. They utilized an inventory to thoroughly document the participants’ history of unwanted sexual experiences across their lifespans. To measure feelings of inadequacy, participants completed an assessment that gauged internalized shame, relational shame, and general sexual inferiority. </p>
<p>Finally, the authors used a specialized scale to measure purity culture beliefs. This tool assessed both how much purity culture messaging the participants heard during their childhood and how much they currently agreed with those beliefs as adults. </p>
<p>Data analysis involved advanced statistical modeling to account for potential nonlinear relationships between the variables. As expected, the authors found that survivors of both childhood sexual abuse and adult nonconsensual experiences reported significantly higher levels of sexual shame than the control group. Interestingly, the level of sexual shame did not significantly differ between the two survivor groups. </p>
<p>“Purity culture can amplify sexual shame, whether you grew up hearing it or even if you believe it now,” Coates told PsyPost. “This is especially true for survivors of sexual trauma who may feel torn between their lived experience and the standard set by their sexual ethic.”</p>
<p>For men, childhood exposure to purity culture independently predicted higher levels of sexual shame. This effect remained significant even after accounting for the trauma of the nonconsensual experiences. For women, the relationship between childhood exposure and sexual shame was present but slightly less pronounced. </p>
<p>“I was surprised by how purity culture impacted the men in this sample in comparison to the women,” Coates said. “The majority of research and discussion on purity culture focuses predominantly on women as the burden of purity is disproportionately placed on their shoulders.”</p>
<p>“However, the men had stronger relationships (e.g., male controls exhibited more sexual shame when exposed to purity culture in childhood while female controls did not in post hoc analysis) when compared to the women,” Coates added. </p>
<p>The researchers note that purity culture promotes distinct scripts for men and women. For a man who experiences sexual abuse, the victimization directly conflicts with the religious script of male dominance. Coates pointed out that while both men and women reported magnified sexual shame through purity culture, this may occur through different pathways as purity culture has distinct messages for men and women. </p>
<p>When looking at adulthood, the scientists found that current acceptance of purity culture beliefs significantly predicted higher sexual shame for both men and women. If a survivor currently believes these strict religious teachings, they might experience deep dissonance between their faith and their lived experiences. The authors suggest that internalizing these beliefs may increase self-blame, which is strongly linked to trauma-related shame. </p>
<p>As with all research, there are some limitations to consider. The study relied on a cross-sectional design, meaning the data was collected at a single point in time. This prevents the researchers from proving a cause-and-effect relationship between purity culture and sexual shame. </p>
<p>The use of self-reported questionnaires also leaves room for recall bias. Participants might not perfectly remember the exact extent of the religious messaging they received during their early childhood. In addition, the researchers categorized childhood abuse as any nonconsensual experience occurring between birth and age 17. </p>
<p>Coates also wanted to preempt potential misinterpretations regarding the role of faith. “Religion and sex are not inherently ‘bad’ when intertwined,” she explained. “The specific messages about sex within a religion and how someone interprets that can have vastly different outcomes.”</p>
<p>“In this sample, we saw a negative relationship between the two,” Coates noted. “Other research has found positive interactions; for example, there is the ‘sacred bed phenomenon’ where religious couples report higher sexual satisfaction than their non-religious peers. What matters is how you, as an individual, relate to your religious beliefs or lack thereof and what that means for your sexual wellbeing.”</p>
<p>Another limitation involves the demographic makeup of the sample. Because the participants were mostly white, heterosexual, and well-educated, the findings might not completely translate to other populations. In Evangelical Christianity, minority groups often face harsher judgments regarding sexual purity. </p>
<p>Looking ahead, Coates plans to explore how these dynamics affect marginalized communities. “As purity culture positions cisgender, heterosexual intercourse within the confines of marriage as the only ‘right way’, I am curious as to how the effects found in this study could be amplified for non-cisgender, non-heterosexual individuals,” she said. </p>
<p>“Given that religion is a potent force in many people’s lives, the role of religious coping in supporting or hindering recovery from sexual trauma and sexual shame is also of great interest,” Coates concluded. </p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2026.2653785" target="_blank">Being Pure and Being Ashamed: Purity Culture and Sexual Shame Among Survivors of Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences</a>,” was authored by Anna Grace C. Coates and Cindy M. Meston.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/modern-ai-is-often-judged-to-be-more-human-than-actual-humans-in-turing-test-experiments/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Modern AI is often judged to be more human than actual humans in Turing test experiments</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 21st 2026, 06:00</div>
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<p><p>Recent research published in the <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524472123" target="_blank">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em> provides evidence that certain modern artificial intelligence systems can successfully pass a standard Turing test. When instructed to adopt a specific human personality, these computer programs fooled human judges into thinking they were real people more than half of the time. This finding provides the first empirical evidence that a modern system can pass this major scientific benchmark, raising profound questions about the future of online communication.</p>
<p>To fully understand this research, it helps to know a bit about large language models (LLMs). These are highly complex computer programs trained on vast amounts of text data scraped from the internet. They power the popular AI chatbots that many people use today for writing emails, brainstorming ideas, and coding software. </p>
<p>Large language models learn the statistical patterns of human language to predict the next word in a sequence. This allows them to generate incredibly natural-sounding text in response to user questions. </p>
<p>The researchers conducting this study, Cameron R. Jones and Benjamin K. Bergen, wanted to see how well these modern models could handle a classic evaluation known as the Turing test. Originally proposed by British mathematician Alan Turing in 1950, this theoretical game provides a way to evaluate whether a machine can imitate human conversation well enough to be entirely indistinguishable from a real person. </p>
<p>In a standard three-party version of the test, a human judge talks to two hidden participants at the exact same time using a text chat interface. One of those hidden participants is a real human, and the other is a computer program. If the human judge cannot reliably guess which participant is the machine, the computer is said to have successfully passed the test.</p>
<p>Jones and Bergen initiated this study because standard evaluations for artificial intelligence tend to be static and narrow. High scores on typical benchmark tests might just reflect memorization of training data rather than actual conversational adaptability. A traditional Turing test provides a flexible, interactive environment where human judges can ask open-ended questions and probe the machine for perceived weaknesses.</p>
<p>“The Turing test started as a way to ask whether machines could rival human intelligence,” said Bergen, a professor of cognitive science at the University of California San Diego. “But now we know AI can answer many questions faster and more accurately than people can, so the real issue isn’t raw brainpower.”</p>
<p>“Seeing that machines can pass the test, and seeing how they pass it, forces us to rethink what it measures,” Bergen said. “Increasingly, it’s measuring humanlikeness.”</p>
<p>To explore these questions, the scientists set up a series of highly controlled online experiments involving nearly 500 total participants. They evaluated several different artificial intelligence systems, which included GPT-4.5, LLaMa-3.1-405B, and GPT-4o. The scientists also included an older, much simpler chatbot program from the 1960s called ELIZA as a baseline measure.</p>
<p>In the first study, the researchers recruited 126 undergraduate students from the University of California San Diego. In the second study, they recruited 158 participants from an online survey platform called Prolific. Human participants were randomly assigned to play the role of either the judge or the human conversationalist.</p>
<p>To run the study, the researchers built an online interface designed to feel like a familiar messaging app. “For the interrogator, they have a split screen on their computer and they’re asking questions to both witnesses,” said Jones, who conducted the research while earning his doctorate in cognitive science from the University of California San Diego and is now an assistant professor of psychology at Stony Brook University. “They know that one of those witnesses is a human and one of them is an AI.”</p>
<p>The judge had exactly five minutes to chat with both participants. After the time was up, the judge had to decide which conversational partner was the real human, rate their confidence, and explain their reasoning.</p>
<p>The researchers tested two different sets of instructions, known as prompts, for the artificial intelligence models. The first prompt simply told the computer it was taking part in a Turing test. The second, a persona prompt, gave the computer a detailed character to play, instructing it to act like an introverted young person who was highly familiar with internet culture and modern slang.</p>
<p>The persona prompt made a large difference in the results. GPT-4.5 was judged to be the human 73 percent of the time, meaning it tricked the judges significantly more often than the real human participants did. The LLaMa-3.1-405B model, given the same prompt, was judged human 56 percent of the time.</p>
<p>“What we found is that if given the right prompts, advanced LLMs can exhibit the same tone, directness, humor and fallibility as humans,” Jones said. “While we know LLMs can easily produce knowledge on nearly every topic, this test showed that it can also convincingly display social behavioral traits, which has major implications for how we think of AI.”</p>
<p>However, the models performed much worse without the specific persona prompt. Without explicit instructions, GPT-4.5 fell to a 36 percent win rate, and LLaMa-3.1-405B dropped to 38 percent. The older baseline systems performed poorly overall, with ELIZA selected as human only 23 percent of the time and GPT-4o chosen 21 percent of the time.</p>
<p>“They have the ability to appear human-like, but maybe not as much the ability to figure out what it would take to appear human-like,” Bergen said.</p>
<p>The researchers then conducted a replication study to see if a longer conversation would help human judges accurately spot the machines. They recruited 205 new participants from Prolific and extended the chat time limit to fifteen minutes. They used GPT-5 alongside the LLaMa-3.1-405B model and ELIZA.</p>
<p>Even with more time, the human judges still struggled to identify the machines using a persona prompt. The GPT-5 model was judged to be human 59 percent of the time, and LLaMa-3.1-405B was chosen 56 percent of the time. The human judges easily identified the simple ELIZA program, guessing it was human only 17 percent of the time.</p>
<p>The researchers analyzed the specific conversational strategies the human judges used to figure out who was real. Most judges tried to make small talk, asking about daily activities, personal opinions, and emotional experiences. Judges tended to guess that a participant was human if they made minor spelling typos, seemed to lack knowledge about a specific topic, or responded directly without sounding overly formal.</p>
<p>“These traits aren’t the kinds of math and logic problem-solving intelligence that I think Turing was imagining,” Bergen said.</p>
<p>Additionally, the scientists noticed that the university students performed slightly better than the online participants. This suggests the students may have shared more common ground, such as local campus details, that helped them probe each other more effectively.</p>
<p>The authors caution against misinterpreting what the results mean. Passing a Turing test does not mean that a machine possesses genuine human intelligence or consciousness. Instead, it suggests that the machine is exceptionally good at matching human expectations of how another person might chat online.</p>
<p>The study also has distinct limitations. The high success rates of the large language models depended entirely on the specific persona prompt provided by the researchers. Without these detailed instructions, the models failed to consistently trick the judges, showing that they still need human guidance to behave in convincingly human ways.</p>
<p>Future research could explore how different types of judges perform on this classic test. Scientists might test whether experts in computer science are better at spotting artificial intelligence than the general public. Researchers might also look into whether everyday humans can be trained to recognize machine-generated text over longer periods of time.</p>
<p>The findings carry real-world implications for trust online. “It’s relatively easy to prompt these models to be indistinguishable from humans,” Jones said. “We need to be more alert; when you interact with strangers online people should be much less confident that they know they’re talking to a human rather than an LLM.”</p>
<p>“The Turing test is a game about lying for the models,” Jones said. “One of the implications is that models seem to be really good at that.”</p>
<p>Being unable to discern whether you are interacting with a human or a bot can have serious consequences for everyday people. “There are lots of people who would like to use bots to persuade people to share their social security numbers, and vote for their party, or buy their product,” Bergen said.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524472123" target="_blank">Large language models pass a standard three-party Turing test</a>,” was authored by Cameron R. Jones and Benjamin K. Bergen.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/ultra-processed-foods-linked-to-poorer-attention-and-higher-dementia-risk-even-if-your-diet-is-otherwise-healthy/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Ultra-processed foods linked to poorer attention and higher dementia risk, even if your diet is otherwise healthy</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 22:00</div>
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<p><p>A new study provides evidence that middle-aged and older adults who consume higher amounts of ultra-processed foods tend to have poorer attention and a higher risk of developing dementia. The findings demonstrate that a slight daily increase in a person’s intake of these foods is linked to a measurable drop in attention span, even if someone otherwise eats healthy. The research was published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.70335" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring</a></em>.</p>
<p>Barbara Cardoso, lead author and a researcher at the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food and the Victorian Heart Institute at Monash University, noted that the study reinforces a distinct connection between industrial food manufacturing and cognitive decline. Ultra-processed foods are products created through intense industrial manufacturing, typically made from refined ingredients and packed with cosmetic additives like artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives. These items include everyday products like soft drinks, packaged salty snacks, and ready-made meals. Essentially, they are anything that is not a fresh whole food.</p>
<p>As the consumption of these heavily manufactured foods has increased globally, scientists have noted associations with a wide variety of negative health outcomes. Diets heavy in ultra-processed products are linked to conditions such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Because these metabolic conditions are known risk factors for cognitive decline, concerns have emerged regarding how a highly processed diet might influence overall brain health over time.</p>
<p>Previous observational studies have found connections between eating highly processed foods and experiencing worse cognitive performance. However, a major question has remained unanswered in the scientific community. Highly processed foods often take the place of nutrient-dense options like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Researchers wanted to understand if ultra-processed foods negatively impact the brain simply because they crowd out healthy nutrients, or if the industrial processing itself plays a distinct role in cognitive decline.</p>
<p>To explore this relationship, researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 2,192 Australian adults between the ages of 40 and 70. All participants were free of dementia and neurological conditions at the start of the project. The participants were recruited through an online research platform called the Healthy Brain Project, which targeted individuals who had a known or suspected family history of dementia. This specific age range was selected because middle adulthood is a time when the early biological changes associated with neurodegeneration often begin to emerge.</p>
<p>The scientists assessed the dietary habits of the participants using a detailed questionnaire that asked how often they consumed specific foods and beverages over the previous twelve months. After collecting this information, the researchers used a framework known as the Nova system to classify the reported foods based on their level of industrial processing. The team calculated the total daily calories and the total daily weight of the food consumed by each person to determine the exact percentage of ultra-processed foods in each participant’s daily diet.</p>
<p>To account for overall diet quality, the researchers also calculated how closely each person adhered to a Mediterranean diet. By measuring this, the scientists could isolate the effects of food processing from the broader healthiness of a person’s diet. The participants of the study consumed roughly 41 percent of their daily energy from ultra-processed foods. This closely mirrors the national Australian average of 42 percent.</p>
<p>To measure cognitive function, the participants completed a series of computerized card games designed to test different mental skills. These tasks assessed processing speed, visual attention, visual recognition memory, and working memory. Additionally, the scientists estimated each participant’s risk of developing dementia using an established cardiovascular risk scoring tool. They focused on modifiable risk factors, which include health conditions such as high blood pressure or obesity that can actively be managed to protect the brain.</p>
<p>When looking at cognitive performance, the researchers found that higher consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with poorer attention. “For every 10 percent increase in ultra-processed food a person consumed, we saw a distinct and measurable drop in a person’s ability to focus,” Cardoso said. “In clinical terms, this translated to consistently lower scores on standardized cognitive tests measuring visual attention and processing speed.”</p>
<p>Cardoso provided a practical example of how easily this consumption can increase. “To put our findings in perspective, a 10 percent increase in UPFs is roughly equivalent to adding a standard packet of chips to your daily diet,” Cardoso said. Higher intake of these heavily processed products was also linked to an increased risk of developing dementia, based on the modifiable risk score used in the study.</p>
<p>Because the negative effects take place regardless of a person’s overall diet quality, even for people following a healthy Mediterranean diet, researchers say the degree of food processing plays an important role in the damage. The researchers did not find a direct association between ultra-processed food consumption and memory loss. However, attention span is the foundation for many important brain operations, such as learning and problem-solving.</p>
<p>The authors proposed several biological mechanisms that might explain how intense food processing harms the brain. “Food ultra-processing often destroys the natural structure of food and introduces potentially harmful substances like artificial additives or processing chemicals,” Cardoso said. These artificial compounds and preservatives are known to disrupt the community of bacteria living in the digestive tract.</p>
<p>“These additives suggest the link between diet and cognitive function extends beyond just missing out on foods known as healthy, pointing to mechanisms linked to the degree of food processing itself,” Cardoso said.</p>
<p>While these findings provide new insights into diet and brain health, there are a few limitations to consider. The study used a cross-sectional design, meaning it only looked at data from a single point in time. Because of this design, the researchers cannot prove cause and effect.</p>
<p>It is not possible to say with absolute certainty that eating ultra-processed foods directly causes cognitive decline, only that the two variables are connected. Another limitation is that the dietary information relied entirely on self-reported questionnaires. People do not always remember exactly what they ate or how much they consumed over a full year, which can introduce errors into the data.</p>
<p>Additionally, the study sample was largely made up of women and individuals with higher levels of education and socioeconomic status. This specific demographic makeup means the findings might not fully apply to the broader general population. Future research will need to follow participants over many years to see how cognitive function changes over time.</p>
<p>Scientists also plan to incorporate brain imaging and biological markers to better understand the physical pathways linking industrial food processing to cognitive decline. Tracking physiological changes in the body and brain will help medical professionals create targeted dietary guidelines for dementia prevention.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.70335" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ultra-processed food intake, cognitive function, and dementia risk: A cross-sectional study of middle-aged and older Australian adults</a>,” was authored by Barbara R. Cardoso, Euridice Martinez Steele, Barbara Brayner, Xinyi Yuan, Lisa Bransby, Hannah Cummins, Yen Ying Lim, and Priscila Machado.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/depression-alters-how-young-adults-remember-childhood-trauma/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Depression appears to alter how young adults remember childhood trauma and adversity</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 20:00</div>
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<p><p>Experiencing depressive symptoms can change how young adults remember the hardships of their youth, leading them to report more past traumas over time. Dealing with these emotional health challenges might actually be the primary driver behind shifting memories, pointing to a need to treat current mood to help heal past wounds. The research was published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00580-7"><i>Nature Mental Health</i></a>.</p>
<p>Mental health professionals recognize that difficult events in childhood play a major role in later psychological struggles. Abuse, physical neglect, and family instability regularly precede mood disorders in adolescents and young adults. Traumatic situations can alter normal biological responses, keeping stress hormones like cortisol elevated and impairing the development of brain regions that handle emotional regulation. Over time, this biological wear and tear leaves a person highly susceptible to future stress.</p>
<p>Psychologists suspect that current moods might also influence how people look back on their lives. When a person feels low, they might be more likely to focus on negative events from their past. The theory of emotional regulation suggests that human feelings guide the way information is encoded and retrieved. Under the weight of a depressive episode, a negative bias can easily take root in the mind.</p>
<p>This bias encourages the brain to overemphasize painful memories while forgetting positive ones. Testing this idea requires tracking people over time to see which comes first. Relying on self-reported memories at a single point in time leaves questions about cause and effect unanswered. Zheng Zhang and Chuantao Zhou at South China Normal University led a research team to investigate this dynamic.</p>
<p>The investigators wanted to see if changes in mood alter the way young individuals report their pasts. They analyzed data from a large ongoing study of Chinese university students. The team focused on a group of 6,260 participants who completed surveys at three different points. The first wave of data collection occurred in the fall of 2021, followed by a second in the spring of 2023, and a final check in the spring of 2024.</p>
<p>The assessments were administered through an online survey platform. The average age of the participants was eighteen. Most of the young adults lived in urban areas, and roughly sixty percent were female. The surveys included standard questionnaires measuring signs of low mood, alongside checklists of past traumas.</p>
<p>The trauma checklist asked about experiences like physical neglect, emotional abuse, parental divorce, and household violence. The mood surveys asked participants to rate symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, and feelings of guilt over the previous two weeks. To parse the data, the team used statistical models that track how different measurements predict one another across time. This approach separates a person’s general baseline traits from temporary fluctuations in their state of mind.</p>
<p>The models evaluate whether a shift in mental state at the first point predicts a change in memory reporting at the second point. The data revealed a directional relationship. High levels of depressive symptoms at the beginning of the study predicted an increase in the number of reported childhood traumas at later points. In this group, recalling more past traumas did not predict an increase in low mood later on.</p>
<p>The connection from trauma recall to later depression was not statistically significant. This lack of an effect runs contrary to some expectations. The research team proposed that the specific group studied might hold the answer. University students often have access to higher levels of education and better social support systems than the general public. These environmental advantages might act as a buffer, preventing past traumas from escalating into new depressive episodes during this stage of life.</p>
<p>Researchers linked the memory shift to the persistence of negative emotional states. When someone experiences a prolonged low mood, their mind might repeatedly activate pessimistic thoughts, pulling older and darker memories to the surface. A depressed state serves as a gloomy filter. It tints childhood recollections with distress, making them feel more prominent or severe in retrospect.</p>
<p>The team also mapped out how specific symptoms interact in a network, hoping to find the strongest links between mood and memory. Instead of looking at depression as a single monolith, this method visualizes individual feelings as interconnected points in a web. They identified feelings of punishment, physical fatigue, and childhood emotional neglect as the heaviest influencers connecting the two domains. A persistent sense of guilt or punishment can lead to excessive self-blame, which deepens a pessimistic mindset.</p>
<p>Individuals who experienced sexual abuse earlier in life are especially prone to this type of guilt. Fatigue acts as a physical anchor for this psychological exhaustion. It drains the resources needed to cope with intrusive thoughts, keeping the individual in a depleted state. Emotional neglect in childhood appeared as a particularly strong bridge in this network.</p>
<p>A lack of affection or attention from caregivers can blunt the brain’s ability to process rewards, making it harder to experience joy later in life. When this emotional neglect is recalled during a low mood, it easily triggers memories of other related hardships. These specific factors bridge the gap between a difficult past and a painful present. The analysis also brought demographic disparities into focus.</p>
<p>Female participants reported higher levels of both depression and childhood adversity. The researchers referenced sociological models suggesting that women often face chronic stress tied to social structures and power dynamics. This accumulated disadvantage can leave them more vulnerable to both traumatic situations and the psychological fallout that follows. Socioeconomic status played a similar role in the data.</p>
<p>Participants from economically constrained backgrounds reported higher burdens of past trauma and current mental distress. Financial hardship limits access to social support networks and resources. Poverty can amplify emotional pain, making it harder to process negative experiences effectively. The authors outlined a few elements that require attention in future investigations.</p>
<p>The study relied entirely on participants reporting their own experiences. This measures the subjective memory of an event rather than obtaining an objective historical record. Because the participants were mostly university students, the group was relatively uniform in age and education. Expanding the research to include different age groups or people from varying economic backgrounds could help confirm the patterns observed.</p>
<p>The trauma checklist also focused primarily on household dysfunction and home-based abuse. It did not include other forms of adversity like peer bullying or community violence. Future studies could use broader definitions of early hardship. Cultural factors present another avenue for future exploration, as expectations around hiding emotional distress might influence survey responses in Chinese populations.</p>
<p>In therapeutic settings, these findings offer a new perspective. Psychotherapy often works through a process known as memory reconsolidation. When a patient recalls a painful event in a safe environment, the memory can be subtly altered before it is stored again. By addressing the depressive mood first, clinicians might help patients store these memories in a less distressing format.</p>
<p>Rather than focusing solely on the past, clinicians can target specific heavy factors like guilt and physical fatigue. Alleviating the immediate emotional burden may stop the cycle of recurring trauma recall. Addressing these issues systematically offers a path to ease both current psychological pain and the heavy memories of youth.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00580-7">Depression shapes the recall of adverse childhood experiences: evidence from a three-wave longitudinal study of 6,260 Chinese adolescents</a>,” was authored by Zheng Zhang, Chuantao Zhou, Runjia Zhang, Yangyang Tang, Yange Zhang, Pengmin Qin, Binyuan Su, and Yuanyuan Wang.</p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/can-tuning-music-to-432hz-really-heal-you-scientists-explain-the-viral-trend/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Can tuning music to 432Hz really heal you? Scientists explain the viral trend</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 18:00</div>
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<p><p>If you scroll through social media for long enough, you’ll probably find <a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DM6F9d6hbOi/">videos</a> claiming that listening to songs tuned to “A 432Hz” can provide an amazing sense of calmness or healing.</p>
<p>It’s even claimed that listening to music tuned to this frequency can align your internal frequencies to those of the universe. It’s an alluring idea – that simply listening to music tuned in a specific way could improve your health.</p>
<p>But does it have any scientific basis?</p>
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<h2>An ancient idea</h2>
<p>Firstly, what does it even mean if songs are tuned to A 432Hz?</p>
<p>Hertz (or Hz) is a <a href="https://audiocardio.com/hearing-loss/simple-guide-to-understanding-hertz/">measurement of frequency</a>, or the number of times sound waves vibrate per second. Sounds are transmitted as waves through the air which hit our eardrums to create the sensation of hearing. The more quickly those sound waves are vibrating, the higher the pitch of the note.</p>
<p>In standard concert tuning, the note A above middle C is tuned to 440Hz. A 432Hz tuning simply means the pitch of that A and all the other notes in the music are tuned a little lower than normal.</p>
<p>Some <a href="https://www.guitarworld.com/lessons/which-tuning-standard-sounds-better-432hz-or-440hz">argue</a> 432Hz is closer to natural harmonic frequencies than 440Hz and that using this tuning is therefore better for wellbeing.</p>
<p>The idea that sounds or music can heal or even align us with the cosmos is not new. Long before social media, the <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA367075248&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10369457&sw=w&p=AONE&userGroupName=anon~2cebea0b&aty=open-web-entry">ancient Greeks linked sound</a> to the frequencies of the universe. Pythagoras proposed musical notes were governed by simple numerical ratios, the same ratios he believed underpinned the cosmos itself.</p>
<p>Later, medieval and Renaissance thinkers built on these ideas with the concept of “music of the spheres” – the idea that sound could be used to align us with the vibrations of the planets in a kind of cosmic harmony that influenced human emotions and wellbeing.</p>
<h2>No magical effect</h2>
<p>Although the concept of cosmic alignment is intriguing, there’s little scientific support for the idea that specific frequencies have any magical effect on wellbeing.</p>
<p>In one <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31031095/">study</a> from 2019, researchers played movie soundtracks tuned to 440 Hz to participants on one day and to 432 Hz on another day, finding that after listening to the 432 Hz tunings participants had slightly decreased heart rate and blood pressure. However, the study was limited by a very small sample and non-randomisation of participants, making it difficult to separate true frequency effects from expectancy or general relaxation responses.</p>
<p>Modern research suggests the effects of sound or music on wellbeing are less about any single special frequency, and more about how we perceive and interpret sound.</p>
<p>Some have <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.112922">theorised</a> the use of frequencies that correspond to specific brainwave patterns such as delta waves (0.5–4Hz, associated with deep sleep), or alpha waves (8–12Hz, associated with relaxed wakefulness), can make the brain synchronise to those frequencies and achieve a relaxed state.</p>
<p>However, research in support of this theory is inconclusive. One <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00557">study</a> from 2017 found no changes in electrical activity in the brain after hearing such frequencies presented as binaural beats.</p>
<p>Binaural beats themselves are another form of sound that many claim can have miraculous effects on wellbeing. When two slightly different frequencies are played separately into each ear, the brain perceives a rhythmic pulse at a rate equal to the difference between the two frequencies. This is called a binaural beat.</p>
<p>There is some evidence that our physiological systems (such as breathing and heart rate) synchronise to any beat that we hear. This <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.004">can help lower</a> our levels of arousal or alertness.</p>
<p>That’s why most of us tend to be attracted to slower, calmer sounding music when we want to relax, for example, since the slower beat helps slow our breathing and heart rate and make us feel sleepier or calmer.</p>
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<h2>Focusing on your own response</h2>
<p>Does that mean binaural beats have any special therapeutic effect? Not really.</p>
<p>A recent <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0335580">study</a> found binaural beats can increase relaxation and alter brain activity. But crucially, similar effects were also observed with other types of moving or spatialised sounds. The authors concluded the benefits were likely driven by general auditory features rather than the binaural beats themselves.</p>
<p>It all comes down to individual preferences and perceptions. For example, binaural beats are frequently associated with meditation or mantras. And it could be this association which enhances the supposed wellbeing effects of binaural beats for some people.</p>
<p>Similarly with music tuned to A 432Hz.</p>
<p>Our brains tend to interpret sounds as expressions of emotional states. When humans are relaxed, our voices are usually lower in pitch than when we are <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/communications-that-matter/202101/why-you-need-to-pitch-your-voice-lower">excited or agitated</a>.</p>
<p>Thus, notes of a lower pitch are sometimes perceived as more relaxing than notes that are higher pitched. Again, this doesn’t mean there is anything special or magical about 432Hz tunings – just that for many people, lower pitched notes <em>seem</em> calmer. The same effect could be achieved by listening to other music or frequencies with a lower pitch.</p>
<p>So while 432Hz might sound soothing to some ears, it’s not a shortcut to cosmic alignment. Rather than thinking about the numbers, focus on really becoming aware of your own response. Notice how different sounds make you feel, what slows your breathing, eases your body, or lifts your mood.</p>
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<p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/does-432hz-tuning-improve-your-wellbeing-a-music-psychologist-unpacks-the-evidence-279759">original article</a>.</em></p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/fear-of-missing-out-is-linked-to-hypersensitive-brain-reactions-to-digital-likes/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Fear of missing out is linked to hypersensitive brain reactions to digital likes</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 16:00</div>
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<p><p>People who experience intense anxiety about missing out on social events show specific brain activity patterns when receiving digital approval. A recent experiment found that individuals with a high fear of missing out exhibit heightened neural sensitivity to positive social feedback in the form of digital thumbs-up icons. The study was published in the <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.121064">Journal of Affective Disorders</a>.</em></p>
<p>The fear of missing out, often abbreviated as FoMO, is a pervasive sense of unease that others are enjoying rewarding experiences without you. Psychologists link this specific anxiety to a fundamental human necessity known as the need to belong. When individuals feel disconnected or unsupported in their physical lives, they frequently turn to their smartphones to monitor the social activities of their peers. This pursuit of digital connection serves as a coping mechanism to alleviate feelings of isolation.</p>
<p>Social media platforms are systematically built to capitalize on these basic psychological needs. They deliver immediate social rewards, such as likes and positive comments, which provide a temporary sense of inclusion. Over time, repeated exposure to these digital validations can train the brain to anticipate the reward. According to models of behavioral psychology, this intermittent reinforcement can make the anticipation of a digital like highly motivating, creating habitual checking routines. These routines often lead to unintended consequences, including poor sleep, distracted driving, and elevated symptoms of anxiety.</p>
<p>Researchers wanted to know if the physical brain responds differently to basic social rewards in people who worry highly about being excluded. A team of scientists led by psychologist Zhichen Chen, along with Jingnan Wang and Jiansheng Li at Northwest Normal University in China, designed an experiment to test this idea. They suspected that people longing for peer inclusion might show unusual hyper-reactivity in the brain when presented with cues of social validation.</p>
<p>For their experiment, the researchers recruited dozens of university students. The team administered a series of detailed questionnaires to measure the participants’ baseline anxiety about missing out on social events and their innate need for interpersonal belonging. Based on these questionnaire scores, the researchers divided sixty-seven eligible participants into two distinct categories. One category was a high anxiety group consisting of thirty-two individuals, while the other was a low anxiety group consisting of thirty-five individuals.</p>
<p>The participants then came into a controlled laboratory setting for neurological testing. The research team used a technique called electroencephalography to record the continuous electrical activity of the participants’ brains. This technique involves placing a specialized cap fitted with dozens of small, non-invasive sensors over a person’s scalp. The setup requires applying a conductive gel to ensure a stable connection between the sensors and the skin. These sensors passively detect rapid shifts in voltage that occur when groups of neurons fire together as the brain processes new information.</p>
<p>While wearing the sensor cap, the students sat in a quiet room and played a specialized game on a computer monitor. The game began with a visual cue, like a cartoon smiling face, signaling that the upcoming round offered a chance to earn social validation. Sometimes, a plain circle appeared, indicating a neutral round where performance would not result in any social feedback. After a random delay, a target square flashed on the screen for a fraction of a second.</p>
<p>The participants had to press a button on their keyboard as fast as possible once the target appeared. A successful, rapid response earned them a positive evaluation in the form of a thumbs-up icon. A slow response resulted in a negative evaluation shown as a thumbs-down icon.</p>
<p>To ensure fairness and consistency, the computer program continuously adapted the difficulty of the game. If a player won a round, the target appeared for a shorter duration on the next turn. If they lost, the target stayed on the screen slightly longer. This background adjustment ensured that every participant succeeded in about half of the trials, separating their brain responses from their inherent physical reaction speeds.</p>
<p>The researchers analyzed the electrical data to see what happened in the brain the moment a participant saw the outcome of their effort. This precision timing allowed the scientists to chart the chronological progression of a thought. They focused on two distinct phases of mental processing that occur after feedback. The first phase involves an early, automatic evaluation of whether the outcome was good or bad, which happens within a third of a second. The second phase involves a later, deeper cognitive appraisal of the outcome, measured by a specific brain wave known as the P300.</p>
<p>The P300 brain wave is an established physiological marker of attention and motivation. When this specific electrical signal spikes, it indicates that the brain is dedicating heavy cognitive resources to the event. A larger P300 wave means the person finds the information highly relevant and motivationally potent. Neuroscientists believe this wave reflects the activity of distributed brain networks that coordinate human attention and process emotions.</p>
<p>When observing the participants’ physical gameplay, the behavioral results were not statistically significant. Both the high anxiety group and the low anxiety group played the game with similar speeds and identical accuracy rates. This lack of difference in overt behavior confirmed that both groups were paying attention and trying equally hard to win the game. The early, automatic brain waves, which signal the initial detection of a win or loss, also showed no differences between the two categories of students.</p>
<p>Differences emerged during the later evaluation phase. When the high anxiety group received a digital thumbs-up, their brains generated a much larger P300 response compared to the low anxiety group. This heightened electrical activity occurred specifically in response to positive social feedback. The researchers observed no group differences when participants received negative or neutral feedback.</p>
<p>These neural patterns suggest that individuals who heavily fear social exclusion process digital validation as an exceptionally important event. The brain dedicates extra attention to the thumbs-up icon, treating it as a highly potent motivational signal. This heightened physical sensitivity to approval offers a biological hint as to why some people struggle to disengage from their digital devices. In a socially threatening environment, being hyper-vigilant for signs of acceptance can push an individual to constantly refresh their apps.</p>
<p>When a person feels their social needs are unmet in the real world, digital likes might acquire an amplified compensatory value. According to theories of addiction psychology, excessive exposure to alternating patterns of reward can cause the brain’s motivational circuitry to become highly sensitized. When this happens, a person might not even experience profound joy when they receive the reward, but their brain still generates an immense craving for it. The heightened P300 wave observed in the high anxiety group fits with this model. It implies that their brains assign massive incentive salience to social media cues, reinforcing repetitive phone checking.</p>
<p>The authors noted a few limitations to their experimental design. The study relied exclusively on a sample of healthy university students, meaning the results might not automatically apply to older adults or younger adolescents whose brains are still developing. The social rewards used in the laboratory task were simplified icons, which are less realistic than authentic comments, dynamic facial expressions, or direct messages found online. Real-world interactions carry emotional nuances that a generic thumbs-up cannot entirely capture.</p>
<p>The researchers also relied on self-reported questionnaires to gauge digital usage habits rather than tracking objective screen time metrics. To fully understand the long-term impact of this biological trait, scientists will need to conduct longitudinal studies. Tracking individuals over several months or years could reveal if this heightened neural sensitivity actively predicts the eventual development of internet usage disorders. Future investigations could also explore whether therapeutic interventions designed to fulfill belonging needs in the physical world reduce this neural hyper-reactivity to digital approval.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.121064">Chasing the “Like”: High FoMO elevates P300 responses to positive social feedback</a>,” was authored by Zhichen Chen, Jingnan Wang, and Jiansheng Li.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/younger-partners-and-sex-toy-use-are-associated-with-less-severe-symptoms-of-menopause/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Younger partners and sex toy use are associated with less severe symptoms of menopause</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 14:00</div>
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<p><p>A recent study published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2026.2655374" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sexual and Relationship Therapy</a></em> suggests that orgasms, specifically those achieved through masturbation with sex toys, help alleviate the physical and emotional symptoms of menopause. The research provides evidence that sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and mental well-being all play interacting roles in how people experience this biological transition. The findings hint that individuals in non-monogamous relationships or those who date younger partners tend to experience fewer menopausal difficulties overall.</p>
<p>The authors of the new research wanted to better understand how relationship styles and sexual behaviors influence the often challenging symptoms of perimenopause and menopause. Perimenopause is the transitional phase leading up to menopause, which is the exact point when a woman has not had a menstrual period for a full year. During this transition, the body undergoes significant hormonal shifts that cause an array of side effects, including night sweats, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness, and emotional changes.</p>
<p>“Little research focuses on menopause and sex other than the constant reminder that sex diminishes with age,” said Samantha Banbury, a psychology professor at London Metropolitan University and the study’s lead author. “I don’t necessarily agree with that, and certainly, research is suggesting that for some, we remain sexual beings, with or without menopause.”</p>
<p>Past studies suggest that masturbation might offer some relief for these physical discomforts, yet discussions about sexual pleasure as a tool for managing menopause remain surprisingly uncommon in healthcare settings. Banbury and her colleagues wanted to see exactly how self-pleasure interacts with physical health. They specifically sought to test if using sex toys reduces symptom severity by improving a person’s overall psychological state.</p>
<p>The scientists also aimed to fill a gap in the scientific literature regarding diverse relationship structures. Little information exists on how menopause affects people in age-gap relationships, where one partner is significantly older than the other. The research team wanted to explore whether dating a younger person or engaging in consensual non-monogamy might influence sexual function during this life stage. Consensual non-monogamy is a relationship style where all partners agree that having multiple romantic or sexual relationships is acceptable.</p>
<p>To investigate these questions, the scientists recruited 150 perimenopausal and postmenopausal participants through online social media platforms. The participants were all at least 25 years old, as some individuals experience early menopause due to surgical procedures.</p>
<p>Most participants identified as cisgender women, meaning their gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth, though a few transgender men and nonbinary individuals also took part. Most respondents dated someone close to their own age, while a smaller segment dated partners who were at least seven years younger.</p>
<p>The researchers asked the participants to complete an online survey containing several established psychological questionnaires. One survey measured overall sexual functioning, which includes desire, arousal, natural lubrication, and pain during sex. Other questionnaires evaluated general relationship satisfaction, mental well-being, and sexual self-efficacy, which refers to a person’s confidence in their own sexual abilities. Participants also filled out a symptom tracker to report the frequency and severity of their menopausal symptoms.</p>
<p>When analyzing the data, the authors found that orgasms had a direct effect on reducing overall menopausal symptoms. Masturbation using sex toys stood out as a specific behavior that mediated this relationship, meaning it helped explain the link between more frequent orgasms and fewer physical complaints. Participants who used sex toys reported massive reductions in issues like tiredness and sleep disturbances.</p>
<p>“The use of sex toys and the reduction of menopausal symptoms were very interesting,” Banbury told PsyPost. “However, there is no single factor, and adjunct biopsychosocial interventions are favored under medical supervision.” This means that while self-pleasure helps, it works best alongside other biological, psychological, and social treatments guided by a doctor.</p>
<p>Mental well-being also played a central role in these outcomes. The researchers observed that masturbating with sex toys was strongly linked to fewer emotional symptoms, such as anxiety, apathy, sadness, and crying. Well-being acted as a bridge in this process. This pattern suggests that sexual pleasure improves overall mental health, which in turn makes the emotional challenges of menopause easier to manage.</p>
<p>The scientists noted that overall sexual satisfaction helped alleviate local physiological symptoms. These local symptoms include discomfort when passing urine, soreness in the genital area, and a sudden loss of interest in sex. Higher relationship satisfaction and better mental well-being both supported this outcome.</p>
<p>The study yielded interesting details regarding relationship types. Participants dating partners at least seven years younger reported higher levels of sexual arousal and fewer physical symptoms than those dating people their own age. The researchers noticed a similar trend among people with multiple partners. People in consensual non-monogamous relationships reported experiencing more orgasms and fewer menopausal complaints than their monogamous peers.</p>
<p>“I love exploratory research rather than a prescriptive set of hypotheses which stifles creativity,” Banbury said regarding these unexpected findings. “I didn’t set out looking for those engaged in consensual non-monogamous relationships, but as the research developed, so did the visibility of this group. It highlighted the diversity of relationships and how this diversity is often excluded from research.”</p>
<p>Banbury hopes these results encourage a broader understanding of aging and intimacy. “Sexual life doesn’t end with menopause,” Banbury said. “Attraction is subjective and ongoing. The findings also highlight that diverse relationship structures and age-gap relationships are often underrepresented or stigmatized in research despite meaningful differences in sexual well-being.”</p>
<p>Despite these informative findings, the study has a few limitations that prevent the results from being applied to the general population. The sample size of 150 people is relatively small, and the group lacked ethnic and cultural diversity. Different cultures hold varying perspectives on menopause, sex, and masturbation, which could easily influence how individuals experience and report their symptoms.</p>
<p>“There is no such thing as perfect research,” Banbury explained. “This was a correlational design; therefore, there is no cause-and-effect relationship.” Correlational studies can show that two variables are related, but they cannot prove that one variable causes the other to change.</p>
<p>“Plus, reporting bias is associated with self-report measures,” Banbury added. “A relatively small sample size cannot be deemed generalizable to the wider population.”</p>
<p>The participants provided feedback pointing toward future directions for product design and research. Several respondents expressed a need for more accessible sex toys designed for people with disabilities, transgender men, and individuals who have undergone a surgical removal of the uterus. The researchers note that developing ergonomic and inclusive sex toys could significantly improve the quality of life for diverse groups of people.</p>
<p>Going forward, the authors plan to expand their investigations into how various therapies and relationships interact with sexual health. “At the moment, I have been looking at immersive VR, fractal mindfulness and menopause symptoms,” Banbury said, referring to virtual reality technology. “A recent study also addressed sexual intimacy and mindful compassion in home hospice care.”</p>
<p>“So my interests are diverse,” Banbury added. “I would be interested in examining age-gap relationships in same-sex couples.”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2026.2655374" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sexual functioning in peri/menopausal individuals in age gap relationships: The mediating effects of relationship satisfaction, masturbation, sexual self-efficacy and well-being</a>,” was authored by Samantha Banbury, Beata Pacan, Christine Andrew and Chris Chandler.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/how-gut-bacteria-change-genetic-switches-to-influence-postpartum-depression/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Can gut bacteria cause postpartum depression?</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 20th 2026, 12:00</div>
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<p><p>Recent research suggests a potential causal link between specific gut bacteria, blood metabolism, and the development of postpartum depression. By analyzing massive genetic databases, scientists mapped how microbial communities alter genetic switches and cholesterol levels to influence maternal mental health. The findings were published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121166"><i>Journal of Affective Disorders</i></a>.</p>
<p>Postpartum depression affects roughly 14 percent of people after giving birth. The condition impacts maternal quality of life and infant attachment. Currently, treatments remain limited because the biological mechanisms driving the disorder are not entirely understood. By the time symptoms emerge, physicians have few tools to reverse the condition.</p>
<p>Emerging evidence points toward the gut microbiome as a major factor in mood and brain health. Trillions of bacteria living in the digestive tract produce chemicals that communicate with the brain. This connection is often called the gut-brain axis. It regulates everything from immune responses to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier.</p>
<p>Under normal conditions, intestinal microbes also facilitate the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and essential energy sources called short-chain fatty acids. During pregnancy and after childbirth, the maternal digestive system undergoes profound remodeling. Researchers suspect that shifts in this bacterial landscape alter the ways the body processes hormones, steroids, and energy.</p>
<p>Zhiyuan Zhang, a researcher at Tongji University in Shanghai, and colleagues sought to map how these gut microbes interact with the host’s metabolism. They wanted to see if specific bacteria drive postpartum depression through blood metabolites and genetic switches.</p>
<p>To investigate this chain of events without the confounding factors of clinical trials, Zhang and colleagues used a technique known as Mendelian randomization. This approach relies on the natural, random assortment of genetic variations passed down during conception. Scientists use these genetic differences as a proxy to test if a specific exposure actually causes a disease, rather than just appearing alongside it.</p>
<p>Because genes are inherited randomly and cannot be altered by a person’s diet or environment later in life, they serve as an objective anchor for observing biological cause and effect. It allows researchers to bypass lifestyle differences that usually obscure nutritional and microbial studies.</p>
<p>The team pulled information from multiple large-scale global databases. They integrated genetic details from the MiBioGen consortium, a massive database covering tens of thousands of individuals, looking at genetic variations linked to the abundance of specific gut bacteria. They then cross-referenced these variations with genetic data from the FinnGen consortium, which included over 13,000 women who had experienced postpartum depression.</p>
<p>In another phase of the study, the investigators looked for biological mediators in the blood. They searched for circulating molecules that might carry signals from the gut to the brain by examining the UK Biobank dataset. In total, they examined 249 different measures of lipids, fatty acids, and small molecules like amino acids.</p>
<p>Finally, they assessed epigenetic factors, which are chemical tags on DNA that turn gene activity up or down without changing the genetic code itself. Specifically, the researchers examined DNA methylation, a process where tiny chemical clusters attach to genes to modify how much of a certain protein the body produces. They analyzed whether variations in these methylation patterns in blood tissue overlapped with the genetic risks for postpartum depression and gut bacteria levels.</p>
<p>The researchers identified totally different roles for various groups of bacteria. Six bacterial groups were associated with an elevated risk of developing postpartum depression. These included the class Clostridia, the order Bifidobacteriales, and several specific genera like Eggerthella. Conversely, a group known as the phylum Verrucomicrobia appeared to exert a protective effect against the disorder.</p>
<p>The team then traced how some of these bacteria influence mental health by looking at blood chemistry. They found that certain fats connected to high-density lipoprotein, commonly known as good cholesterol, acted as an intermediary. Higher levels of Bifidobacteriales reduced the presence of these cholesterol-related fats in the bloodstream, which in turn correlated with an increased risk of postpartum depression.</p>
<p>The epigenetic analysis revealed seven specific genes involved in metabolism that appear to be regulated by DNA methylation in connection with the disease. One primary focus was a gene that produces an enzyme called ferredoxin reductase. This enzyme helps the body manufacture steroid hormones and other cellular compounds.</p>
<p>The results indicated that lower levels of DNA methylation near this gene led to increased enzyme production. This increase in the enzyme actually seemed to protect against postpartum depression. The researchers found that genetic variations affecting this enzyme also influenced the abundance of the Bifidobacterium genus in the gut.</p>
<p>Other identified genes govern different cellular networks, like the synthesis of creatine for brain energy or the transport of amino acids. For example, the analysis suggested that increased activity of a gene responsible for transporting the amino acid cysteine raises the susceptibility to postpartum depression. Another gene, which initiates signaling pathways for cell survival, also appeared to elevate disease risk when highly active.</p>
<p>An enzyme associated with synthesizing creatine emerged as another important factor. Elevated expression of the gene responsible for this enzyme showed a protective effect against postpartum depression. The analysis indicated that epigenetic methylation likely suppresses this gene, thereby increasing the vulnerability to maternal mood disorders.</p>
<p>Despite the extensive data, the study relies on observational genetic statistics rather than direct experiments. The Mendelian randomization method provides mathematically robust hypotheses, but it cannot completely confirm direct biochemical reactions in the human body. Actual confirmation requires physical laboratory tests and clinical trials.</p>
<p>The investigators noted that the genetic databases were predominantly derived from populations of European ancestry. This lack of diversity restricts the ability to generalize the results to other ethnic groups, who might possess different genetic and microbial profiles. The datasets for the gut microbiome also included general population data rather than being exclusive to postpartum individuals.</p>
<p>The researchers acknowledged that they could only categorize bacteria at the broader genus level because of database limitations. Different individual species within a single genus can sometimes have opposite biological effects. Future research will need to use more precise sequencing tools to identify the exact bacterial strains involved in maternal health.</p>
<p>Currently, traditional antidepressant treatments for postpartum depression carry limitations. These medications can take weeks to become effective and often produce adverse side effects that concern parents who are breastfeeding. Moving forward, scientists hope to recreate these microbial frameworks in animal models to watch the biological processes in real time.</p>
<p>Mapping out these specific bacteria and lipid pathways opens the door for targeted therapies. Specialized probiotics or dietary interventions might one day help balance the gut and prevent postpartum depression without relying entirely on traditional medications.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121166">Host – gut microbial metabolic crosstalk in postpartum depression: A multiomics insight linking blood metabolites to epigenetic modulation</a>,” was authored by Zhiyuan Zhang, Xiaobing Hu, Weimin Tao, Ruijing Ma, Yuhan Zheng, Xin Fang, Jiameng Gao, and Zhendong Xu.</p></p>
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<p><strong>Forwarded by:<br />
Michael Reeder LCPC<br />
Baltimore, MD</strong></p>
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