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<td><span style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">PsyPost – Psychology News</span></td>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/the-benefits-of-frightening-activities-depend-on-what-you-do-afterward-according-to-new-psychology-research/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">The benefits of frightening activities depend on what you do afterward, according to new psychology research</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 2nd 2026, 10:00</div>
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<p><p>A new study published in the journal <em><a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2026-92203-001" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emotion</a></em> provides evidence that voluntarily participating in frightening activities with others, such as visiting a haunted house, tends to make people feel more connected to one another. The findings suggest that experiencing fear in a safe setting fosters a subjective sense of bonding, though the true strengthening of relationships may depend heavily on talking about the experience afterward.</p>
<p>Humans are highly social creatures, and forming bonds with others is strongly linked to overall health and psychological well-being. Scientists have gathered substantial evidence showing that sharing positive emotions, like laughing at a comedy show or cheering at a concert, amplifies interpersonal closeness. A separate line of research suggests that negative emotions, specifically fear, also push people to seek out the company of others. When people face a common threat, they often prefer to face it together rather than alone.</p>
<p>Beyond simply seeking company, shared emotional arousal can create a sense of unity. Previous studies indicate that fear can spread from person to person, synchronizing heart rates and reinforcing group cohesion. Most previous experiments exploring the link between fear and social bonding relied on artificial laboratory settings or situations involving genuine threats. The researchers wanted to investigate how fear affects relationships in a recreational context, where the threat is entirely simulated.</p>
<p>Jane Wiley conducted this research as an undergraduate student at the University of Florida and is an incoming social psychology doctoral student at the University of Virginia. She explained that the rationale for the project stemmed from personal experiences in similar recreational environments.</p>
<p>“This topic is a personal one for myself and my PI, Dr. Ken Swan,” Wiley said. “He and I are huge horror and haunted house fans. We have shared plenty of stories (and have heard many others from haunted house guests) of how going through a haunted house together can be a strong bonding experience.”</p>
<p>Wiley noted that anecdotal success stories served as inspiration for the project. “A first date he had at Halloween Horror Nights led to a happy marriage, and I got very close with a best friend — Garrett Johnson, another author of the paper — after we went through a haunted house together,” she said. “This interpersonal focus had not been researched in recreational fear literature when we began, so that was what drew us to studying what we did.”</p>
<p>Millions of people seek out recreational fear every year by riding roller coasters, watching horror movies, or visiting haunted attractions. The scientists designed this project to test whether the fear experienced in these playful, safe environments translates into stronger social ties. They wanted to know if the temporary thrill of a scare can generate a lasting sense of interpersonal warmth among friends, family members, and acquaintances.</p>
<p>To explore these ideas, the researchers conducted a series of five studies over three Halloween seasons at a commercial haunted attraction in Florida. In the first study, the team surveyed 986 attraction attendees immediately after they finished a sensory deprivation haunted house. The participants answered questions on a 7-point scale regarding how much fear they felt, how much they enjoyed the attraction, and whether the experience brought them closer to the person in their group they already felt closest to. The researchers also asked if participants communicated or held hands with their companion during the event.</p>
<p>The scientists found that higher levels of reported fear strongly predicted a stronger feeling of having bonded with a companion. Engaging in physical contact, such as holding hands, and communicating during the event also predicted higher ratings of perceived closeness. Enjoying the experience contributed to the bonding effect as well. This provided initial evidence that shared fear in a fun setting promotes social connection.</p>
<p>To verify these findings and look for measurable changes, the researchers conducted a second study with 500 participants during the next Halloween season. This time, guests completed surveys both immediately before and right after navigating the attraction. This method allowed the scientists to measure precise shifts in interpersonal closeness. As in the first study, participants were asked to focus on the person in their group they felt closest to.</p>
<p>Once again, the amount of fear a person felt predicted how much they believed the experience brought them closer to their companion. Yet, when the scientists looked at the direct difference between the before and after closeness ratings, they found no measurable change. The researchers suspected a ceiling effect, meaning that because these participants already rated their relationship so highly before entering the attraction, there was very little mathematical room for their closeness score to increase on a 7-point scale.</p>
<p>For the third study, the researchers adjusted their focus to see if the bonding effect applied to less intimate relationships. They surveyed 554 participants, asking them to focus on the group member they felt the least close to, or someone they argued with most often. Participants were asked if the attraction brought them closer to this specific person, how much fear they felt, and if they made any physical contact.</p>
<p>The scientists found that fear and physical contact remained strong predictors of feeling brought together, even for the least close companions. Approximately 45 percent of participants agreed that the experience made them feel closer to their least close group member. When asked about their party as a whole, an even higher percentage, about 64 percent, felt the experience brought their entire group closer. This suggests that the bonding effect of recreational fear generalizes across different relationship types and might even be amplified when experienced as a collective unit.</p>
<p>In the fourth study, the researchers again attempted to capture a measurable shift in closeness from before to after the haunted house. They maintained their focus on least close companions to avoid the ceiling effect seen in earlier attempts. The researchers collected complete survey data from 263 attendees who rated their closeness to their least close groupmate before entering and then again after exiting. The team also asked the participants to rate their fear, enjoyment, and physical contact during the immersive 30-minute experience.</p>
<p>The predictive model held up for a fourth time, with fear, physical contact, and enjoyment all predicting perceptions of enhanced closeness. Additionally, the researchers finally detected a statistically significant increase in closeness ratings from before the experience to afterward. The actual shift was very small, rising by an average of just 0.21 points on a 7-point scale. This modest change raised questions about why people overwhelmingly reported feeling closer, even though their numerical closeness ratings barely moved.</p>
<p>“Our most surprising finding was when we kept seeing no pre-to-post change in closeness, prior to figuring out that post-haunt reflection is essential for bonding to occur,” Wiley noted. “We carried out two different studies with before and after surveys, one investigating closest dyads and the other investigating least-close dyads, and neither of them showed significant change.”</p>
<p>She added that this lack of initial change was difficult to interpret at first. “This ultimately ended up being a good obstacle to encounter since it led us to transition to qualitative data collection (which helped us deduce the post-experience reflection bit), but it was hard to make sense of at the time,” Wiley said. “So I would say the most surprising finding is that going through a haunted house together alone, without the time to talk and laugh afterwards, does not seem to be sufficient for significant bonding.”</p>
<p>To understand this paradox, the researchers conducted a fifth and final study consisting of face-to-face qualitative interviews. Qualitative research involves gathering non-numerical data, such as conversational responses, to understand underlying concepts, opinions, and motivations. The researchers interviewed 20 guests right after they completed the haunted house and the quantitative survey. They asked the participants what feeling closer meant to them and why their numerical scores might not have changed despite reporting a stronger bond.</p>
<p>During the interviews, the attendees emphasized that the bonding effect of shared fear is not always immediate. Instead, participants explained that the true connection happens during post-experience processing, which involves talking, laughing, and swapping stories about the scares on the car ride home. Sharing a novel, physically intense experience created a space for vulnerability. However, the scientists learned that immediate surveys often fail to capture relational shifts because participants have not yet had the time to mentally unpack the event and reflect on their shared survival.</p>
<p>“Haunted houses seem to have the ability to make two people feel closer together, whether these two people were previously very close or not,” Wiley explained. “In other words, going through a haunted attraction with either your best friend or your annoying coworker will likely prove to be beneficial to the relationship. However, this link is quite contingent on what you and that other person do after the experience.”</p>
<p>The act of unwinding after the scare appears to be a necessary ingredient for strengthening relationships. “Post-haunt reflection is important to the process of bonding: the haunted house on its own may not do much to strengthen the relationship, but if you talk, reminisce, and laugh about the experience afterwards, you’ll probably feel more bonded with that person,” Wiley said.</p>
<p>While this research provides extensive insights into recreational fear, it is subject to a few limitations. “As there is with any study, ours certainly had limitations,” Wiley noted. “We used convenience samples of people who were already at the haunted house, so not only were race, ability, and income unevenly distributed, but our conclusions can only really be generalized to people who would normally show up at a haunted house with their friends or family (this is a double-edged sword though — we’re interested in recreational fear, so we are particularly interested in people who seek out these experiences on their own time anyway).”</p>
<p>Environmental factors during the surveys might have also influenced the data. “We were surveying people inside the bar of the haunted house, which was a pretty chaotic and high-traffic space: the music was loud, people were drinking, and participants filled out surveys side-by-side with other participants, who in some cases were the people they came with,” Wiley explained. “So it was definitely not a distraction-free environment we were collecting data in, which may have impacted responses. We also only examined the impact of haunted houses in particular, so we cannot make these same conclusions yet about other forms of recreational fear, like horror movies or extreme sports.”</p>
<p>One potential misinterpretation is the idea that simply scaring people together will automatically fix a broken relationship. A notable minority of participants did not feel closer to their companions, suggesting that fear could potentially strain a relationship if a person feels unsupported or mocked during a moment of vulnerability. The researchers propose that recreational fear might act as an interpersonal stress test. Reacting to a scared partner with physical comfort and humor strengthens bonds, while reacting poorly might diminish them.</p>
<p>Expanding the research could yield useful insights into how shared emotional intensity shapes human connection over time. “We would definitely like to expand on this study, particularly adding an experimental manipulation where some participants have time for post-experience reflection while others don’t, in order to investigate the cause-and-effect relationship,” Wiley said. “We’d also like to see if this bonding pattern exists for other forms of recreational fear.”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/emo0001615" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Haunted Attraction: The Effects of Recreational Fear on Interpersonal Bonding</a>,” was authored by Jane K. Wiley, Alexa A. Rivers, Otho Garrett Johnson, Cristina S. Negraru, Jake T. Watson, Tara M. Perreault, Rebecca Martin, Sara C. Slayton, Steffano I. Segovia-Palacios, Benjamin R. Stanisky, Kate E. Doherty, and Lawton K. Swan.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/the-gender-friendship-gap-is-driven-primarily-by-white-men-not-a-universal-difference-across-groups/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">The gender friendship gap is driven primarily by white men, not a universal difference across groups</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 2nd 2026, 08:00</div>
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<p><p>For years, researchers have claimed that men’s friendships are shallower and less emotionally supportive than women’s, a pattern called the “gender friendship gap.” But new research challenges how universal that really is. Published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01638-7"><em>Sex Roles</em></a>, the study finds that the gap is largely driven by white men specifically, not men as a whole.</p>
<p>Much of the work on the gender friendship gap has relied on predominantly white, middle-class samples, which raises an important question: do these patterns actually apply across different racial and socioeconomic groups?</p>
<p>Researcher Emily C. Fox revisited this assumption by taking an intersectional approach, examining how gender and ethnoracial identity jointly shape friendship experiences. Drawing on prior research suggesting that social context, marginalization, and cultural norms influence how friendships are formed and maintained, the author questioned whether the “gap” reflects a universal gender difference or whether it is concentrated within specific groups.</p>
<p>The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, a large, nationally representative U.S. sample tracked over time. Fox focused on respondents who, in 2002, were between 18 and 21 and had identified a best friend who wasn’t a parent, romantic partner, or co-parent. The final sample included 1,765 participants across Black, Latino/a, and white ethnoracial groups.</p>
<p>Participants were asked to think about their best friend and report how close they felt to that person using a 0 to 10 scale. Participants also provided demographic information such as gender and ethnoracial identity, as well as a proxy for socioeconomic background based on the educational attainment of a participant’s residential guardian. The dataset included information about the friend’s characteristics, such as whether they were the same gender or ethnoracial group, how similar they were in age, and how long the friendship had lasted, allowing the researcher to account for similarities between friends that might influence closeness.</p>
<p>The study also looked at how friends actually interacted. Participants reported how often they communicated with their best friend in a typical month, how often they discussed personal relationships or sought advice, used as a measure of emotional support, and how often they talked about education or career decisions, capturing practical support.</p>
<p>Overall, participants reported high levels of closeness with their best friend, suggesting that these relationships were meaningful and emotionally significant. Initial comparisons showed that women reported feeling closer to their best friend than men, and that closeness also varied across ethnoracial groups.</p>
<p>A closer look at these patterns revealed that the differences were not uniform. Black men and Black women reported similar levels of closeness, while Latino men reported somewhat lower closeness than Latina women. The largest gap appeared among white participants, where white men reported noticeably lower closeness than white women.</p>
<p>When communication patterns were factored in, some of these differences shifted. Among Latino participants, differences in how often men and women had emotionally supportive conversations helped explain the closeness gap; once those interaction patterns were accounted for, the difference between Latino men and women was no longer significant.</p>
<p>The friendship gap between white men and white women, however, held up even after accounting for communication frequency and the kinds of conversations they had, pointing to other factors at play.</p>
<p>Looking across groups, a consistent pattern emerged in which emotional support, especially discussing personal relationships and seeking advice, was strongly associated with greater closeness, regardless of ethnoracial identity. At the same time, other influences varied by group.</p>
<p>For example, socioeconomic background showed a small but meaningful association with closeness among white participants, with those from more advantaged backgrounds reporting slightly less closeness. Additionally, friendship similarities, such as sharing the same gender or racial identity, didn’t consistently predict closeness across all groups, suggesting the factors that shape friendship quality depend heavily on social context.</p>
<p>Of note is that this study focused on young adults aged 18 to 21, which may limit generalizability to older populations or different life stages. The dataset also did not include all racial groups in sufficient numbers for analysis, leading to the exclusion of some smaller ethnoracial categories.</p>
<p>Taken together, these findings suggest that the gender friendship gap is not a universal feature of human relationships but instead reflects the specific experiences of white men, underscoring the importance of considering race and social context in psychological research.</p>
<p>The research “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01638-7">Are White Men Missing Out?: Differences in Friendship Closeness by Gender and Ethnoracial Identity</a>” was authored by Emily C. Fox.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/scientists-link-daytime-sleep-like-brain-waves-to-attention-lapses-in-adhd/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Scientists link daytime sleep-like brain waves to attention lapses in ADHD</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 2nd 2026, 06:00</div>
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<p><p>Scientists have discovered that brief patterns of brain activity usually seen during deep sleep frequently intrude into the waking hours of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This phenomenon tends to explain why individuals with the condition experience frequent lapses in attention and excessive daytime sleepiness. The findings, published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1694-25.2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Journal of Neuroscience</a></em>, provide evidence that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder might be deeply connected to how the brain regulates the boundary between sleep and wakefulness.</p>
<p>Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder frequently face challenges with sustained focus, behavioral variability, and impulsivity. They also tend to report higher rates of sleep disturbances and daytime tiredness than the general population. This combination of symptoms led researchers to wonder if there might be a physical overlap between sleep and attention systems in the brain.</p>
<p>“My interest grew out of our earlier work which looked at how medications like methylphenidate (MPH; commonly known as Ritalin) affect slow waves during wakefulness in neurotypical individuals,” explained Elaine Pinggal, a research fellow at Monash University. “What intrigued me was how MPH is typically used to treat both narcolepsy and ADHD, conditions that are quite different on the surface.”</p>
<p>When their findings showed that this medication reduced these slow wave occurrences, it raised the question of whether slow waves during wakefulness might play a meaningful role in the condition. Thomas Andrillon, a researcher at the Paris Brain Institute and senior author of the study, recognized the potential of this idea. “It was really Thomas who first had the vision to bring this question into a clinical ADHD population, and it’s been a privilege to be a part of this work,” Pinggal said.</p>
<p>To investigate this, scientists recruited 63 young adults with an average age of 23. The sample included 32 adults formally diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 31 neurotypical adults without the condition. The participants with the disorder were asked to stop taking their standard medications for 72 hours before the experiment to ensure their brain activity was measured in an unmedicated state.</p>
<p>During the experiment, participants completed a computer-based task designed to test sustained attention over a 52-minute period. Numbers from one to nine flashed on a screen in continuous sequences. Participants were instructed to press a button as quickly as possible for every number except the number three. This repetitive activity required constant vigilance and the ability to hold back impulsive reactions.</p>
<p>While participants completed the task, the researchers continuously recorded their brain activity using an electroencephalogram. This involved placing a cap with 64 specialized sensors on the scalp to measure electrical signals in the brain. The scientists specifically looked for high-amplitude slow waves that indicate localized parts of the brain are temporarily slowing down and entering a sleep-like state.</p>
<p>“The intrusion of sleep waves is a perfectly normal phenomenon. Think of a long-distance run: after a while, physical fatigue forces you to take a break. The same applies to mental fatigue,” Andrillon explained. “After a day spent awake or following a poor night’s sleep, the brain also takes breaks in the form of slow waves.”</p>
<p>Pinggal agreed, noting that the brain briefly goes offline for local recovery. “The first thing I’d want people to know is that these sleep-like slow waves during wakefulness aren’t unique to people with ADHD; they happen to everyone,” Pinggal told PsyPost. “They’re more likely to occur the more tired you are, or the longer you’ve been doing a task.”</p>
<p>However, the study found a difference in the frequency of these events. “These brief moments of reduced brain activity occur in everyone. In people with ADHD, however, this activity is more frequent,” Andrillon added. “Our results suggest that it could be a key brain mechanism explaining their difficulties in maintaining stable attention and performance over time.”</p>
<p>Every 40 to 70 seconds, the computer task paused to ask participants what they were thinking about just before the interruption. They could report being actively on task, mind wandering, experiencing mind blanking, or not remembering. Mind wandering involves thinking about personal matters or distractions unrelated to the task. Mind blanking refers to moments where the mind is completely empty of conscious thought.</p>
<p>The behavioral results showed distinct performance differences between the two groups. Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder made significantly more commission errors, meaning they frequently pressed the button when they were supposed to hold back. Their reaction times were also much more variable from one moment to the next compared to the neurotypical group, reflecting fluctuating levels of attention.</p>
<p>“A few things stood out. One was around mind wandering: in neurotypical participants, mind wandering was reported as being more intentional, like a deliberate mental break,” Pinggal noted. “However, in participants with ADHD, they reported more unintentional mind wandering i.e., it just happened without them choosing for their attention to drift.”</p>
<p>Pinggal also highlighted an unexpected result regarding fatigue. “Another surprising finding was around sleepiness: a natural assumption might be that if you have ADHD and struggle with sleep, you’d feel more tired throughout the day,” Pinggal said.</p>
<p>“However, in our cohort we actually found that there wasn’t a difference in daytime sleepiness between the two groups,” she continued. “What differed was that participants with ADHD felt sleepier during the task itself, suggesting that their brains may fatigue more quickly under sustained effort, rather than being generally sleepier people. That said, this was one cohort; more research is definitely needed before drawing broader conclusions.”</p>
<p>The brain activity recordings provided evidence that explains these behavioral differences. “Adults with ADHD show a significantly higher density of slow waves, which are usually observed during deep sleep,” Andrillon said. “These waves are not trivial: the higher their density, the more participants make inattentive errors and show slower or more variable reaction times.”</p>
<p>To understand the relationship between the medical diagnosis, brain activity, and performance, the researchers used a statistical tool called mediation analysis. This technique tests whether a middle variable explains the link between a starting factor and an outcome. The analysis suggests that the increased presence of waking slow waves is a primary physical mechanism driving the attentional difficulties seen in the condition.</p>
<p>Because of this strong association, tracking these brain patterns could offer clinical utility. “These local sleep waves could become a key biomarker for diagnosis,” Andrillon said.</p>
<p>While the study provides a detailed neurophysiological explanation for attention difficulties, the scientists acknowledge some limitations. “Before any of this could responsibly inform real-world treatment, we’d need replication of these findings, larger and more diverse cohorts, longer-term studies, and a much clearer picture of the underlying mechanisms,” Pinggal explained.</p>
<p>“We also can’t yet say which comes first: does ADHD make sleep harder, or does poor sleep drive ADHD symptoms?” Pinggal cautioned. “These two probably feed into each other, but unpicking the causal direction requires longitudinal research. Our findings point to slow waves during wakefulness as a potential contributor to attentional difficulties, though how this relates to sleep more broadly remains to be established.”</p>
<p>“One exciting next step for this line of research is the use of auditory stimulation during sleep,” Pinggal added. “This involves playing quiet tones timed to the upswing of slow waves during sleep to boost slow wave activity. This approach has shown promising results in boosting slow wave activity in those who respond to it, and has been shown to improve memory and cognition.”</p>
<p>“The mechanism isn’t fully understood yet, but the idea is that by strengthening slow waves during sleep, the brain may have less need to produce them during wakefulness,” Pinggal concluded. “It’s likely just one piece of a larger puzzle, but it’s a promising avenue, and one where our research on slow waves during wake could help clarify the broader picture.”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1694-25.2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sleep-Like Slow Waves during Wakefulness Mediate Attention and Vigilance Difficulties in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</a>,” was authored by Elaine Pinggal, James Jackson, Anikó Kusztor, David Chapman, Jennifer Windt, Sean P. A. Drummond, Tim J. Silk, Mark A. Bellgrove, and Thomas Andrillon.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/general-intelligence-explains-the-link-between-math-and-music-skills/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">General intelligence explains the link between math and music skills</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 1st 2026, 20:00</div>
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<p><p>A study of young adults with backgrounds in mathematics or music found that individuals with better mathematical abilities tended to have better musical abilities as well, and vice versa. However, this association was most likely caused by intelligence being an important contributor to both groups of abilities. The paper was published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence14030039"><em>Journal of Intelligence</em></a>.</p>
<p>Musical abilities are skills involved in perceiving, understanding, remembering, and producing musical elements. They include activities such as perceiving pitch, rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo, and musical structure, as well as producing or performing music. Mathematical abilities, on the other hand, include skills such as understanding numbers, quantities, patterns, spatial relations, logical relations, and abstract symbolic rules.</p>
<p>Researchers notice that music and mathematics have a deep relationship. Music is based on mathematical principles such as ratios and repeating patterns. Similarly, musical and mathematics abilities are also related because both involve pattern detection, sequencing, memory, attention, and rule-based processing. Rhythm perception, for example, requires sensitivity to timing and ratios, which are also important in mathematics.</p>
<p>Music theory also contains mathematical elements, such as intervals, proportions, scales, and harmonic relations. Some studies find small to moderate positive associations between musical training and mathematical performance.</p>
<p>Study author Michaela A. Meier and her colleagues investigated the relationship between different facets of musical and mathematical abilities. They note that evidence on the relationship between music and mathematics is mixed, with many studies reporting low to moderate associations and similarly sized effects of music training on mathematics achievements. Based on this, study authors expected to find small to moderate positive associations between different aspects of musical and mathematics abilities.</p>
<p>Study participants were 170 adults. 99 of them were women. Their average age was 25 years. Study authors recruited three different groups – 1) the mathematics group, comprised of students or graduates working in the fields of mathematics, physics, engineering, or related fields; 2) the music group, comprised of students or graduates of music, music education, musicology, or a related field; 3) the control group, comprised of participants who neither excelled in mathematics nor in music, and who were studying or working in a field unrelated to music or mathematics (mostly psychology).</p>
<p>Study participants completed assessments of musical abilities (three tasks focusing on musical perception – the computerized adaptive Beat Alignment Test, the Mistuning Perception Test, and the Melodic Discrimination Test), mathematical abilities (tests of basic numerical abilities task, arithmetic fluency, and higher mathematical knowledge). They also completed self-report questionnaires about their general musical activity (the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index), mathematical experience (the mathematical Sophistication Index), and an assessment of intelligence (the Intelligence Structure Test).</p>
<p>Results showed mostly weak associations between tests of mathematical and musical abilities. Both tests of mathematical and musical abilities had weak to moderate positive associations with intelligence. In other words, participants with better mathematical or musical abilities tended to be somewhat more intelligent compared to participants with worse mathematical and musical abilities. The only exception was the Beat Alignment Test, performance on which was not associated with intelligence.</p>
<p>In general, associations of intelligence with mathematical abilities tended to be somewhat stronger than associations with musical abilities. When study authors explored whether musical and mathematics abilities remain associated when their links with intelligence are controlled for, results showed that their association was reduced to almost 0. This means that the link between mathematical and musical abilities is likely produced by intelligence affecting both groups of abilities.</p>
<p>“These results imply that intelligence accounts for a substantial proportion of the association between mathematical and musical abilities,” the study authors concluded.</p>
<p>The study contributes to the scientific understanding of the nature of musical and mathematical abilities. However, it should be noted that the design of this study does not allow any causal inferences to be derived from the results.</p>
<p>The paper, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence14030039">Are Mathematical and Musical Abilities Related Beyond Intelligence?,</a>” was authored by Michaela A. Meier, Lara Spitzley, Serra Ulusoy, Alexandra Hubmann, Rylie DelaCruz, Roland H. Grabner, and Daniel Müllensiefen.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/weight-loss-drug-semaglutide-reduces-heavy-alcohol-drinking-in-new-clinical-trial/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Weight-loss drug semaglutide reduces heavy alcohol drinking in new clinical trial</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 1st 2026, 18:00</div>
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<p><p>A new clinical trial reveals that a popular weight-loss medication helps people with both obesity and alcohol use disorder reduce their frequency of heavy drinking. The results suggest that these hormone-mimicking drugs might offer a novel and effective treatment path for millions of people struggling to control their alcohol intake. The findings were recently published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00305-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Lancet</a></em>.</p>
<p>Alcohol use disorder is a chronic brain condition characterized by a loss of control over drinking habits and a compulsive need to consume alcohol. This condition accounts for roughly five percent of deaths worldwide each year. It is a major driver of liver disease, cardiovascular problems, and various forms of cancer.</p>
<p>Despite decades of scientific investigation, the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved only three medications to treat the disorder. These existing options are disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone. Because these existing drugs are not universally effective, medical professionals have actively searched for alternative approaches.</p>
<p>“Very few medications are currently approved for alcohol use disorder, and these are vastly underutilized. A new option that is more accessible and more effective could be a gamechanger for closing the treatment gap,” said George Koob, a study co-author and director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, in a press release from the National Institutes of Health.</p>
<p>Recently, a class of drugs known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists has captured the attention of addiction researchers. Originally designed to treat diabetes and obesity, these medications mimic a hormone naturally produced in the small intestine and the brain. This native hormone regulates digestion, blood sugar, and overall appetite.</p>
<p>The hormone also interacts with the brain’s reward pathways. When a person consumes rich food or alcohol, these neural pathways release chemicals that create feelings of profound pleasure. Researchers suspect that by altering how the brain processes these rewards, the medications might reduce the fundamental desire to drink. Semaglutide, the active ingredient in brand-name drugs like Wegovy and Ozempic, belongs to this drug class.</p>
<p>Earlier experiments in animal models hinted that these medications could suppress the drive to consume alcohol. Later, large population studies showed that human patients taking the drugs for diabetes had fewer alcohol-related hospital visits. However, initial clinical trials focusing on alcohol use in humans yielded mixed results.</p>
<p>One previous human trial found that the medication did not produce a statistically significant reduction in drinking for the overall test group. Yet, a subset of participants in that trial who had obesity seemed to respond strongly to the treatment. This observation prompted a highly targeted investigation.</p>
<p>A research team led by Mette Kruse Klausen, a medical doctor at Copenhagen University Hospital, decided to test semaglutide in a specific population. They focused entirely on patients actively seeking treatment for alcohol use who also lived with obesity. The research group included corresponding author Anders Fink-Jensen of Copenhagen University Hospital, along with scientists from the United States National Institutes of Health.</p>
<p>To conduct the study, the investigators designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. This setup is widely considered the gold standard in medical research because it prevents both the patients and the doctors from knowing who receives the active drug. The trial took place at a single clinical center in Denmark.</p>
<p>The researchers enrolled 108 adult participants, split almost evenly between men and women. Every participant met the clinical criteria for moderate to severe alcohol use disorder. They also had a body mass index of thirty or higher, which falls into the medical category of obesity.</p>
<p>The body mass index is a standard measurement that relates a person’s weight to their height. Participants were divided evenly into two groups of 54 people. One group received a weekly injection containing 2.4 milligrams of semaglutide, while the other group received a weekly placebo injection containing harmless salt water. The trial lasted for 26 weeks, giving the drug ample time to reach its maximum dosage in the patients’ systems.</p>
<p>The research team went to great lengths to ensure the study remained truly blind. The semaglutide injection pen makes a distinct mechanical clicking sound when operated. To prevent participants from guessing their group based on this sound, the patients wore blindfolds and listened to music through headphones during their weekly injections.</p>
<p>In addition to the injections, all participants received up to ten sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy. This form of psychological treatment helps patients identify and change destructive thought patterns and behaviors. The therapy focused on building motivation, managing intense cravings, and preventing relapses into heavy drinking.</p>
<p>Throughout the trial, the participants reported their daily alcohol intake using a highly validated tracking method. The researchers specifically looked at the number of heavy drinking days each person experienced. For men, a heavy drinking day involved consuming at least 60 grams of pure alcohol, while for women, the threshold was set at 48 grams.</p>
<p>The results of the 26-week intervention were highly encouraging for the active treatment group. Participants receiving semaglutide experienced a 41.1 percentage point reduction in their heavy drinking days. In contrast, the placebo group saw a 26.4 percentage point reduction during the same timeframe.</p>
<p>This outcome resulted in an estimated treatment difference of 13.7 percentage points between the two groups. Beyond the primary measure of heavy drinking days, the medication produced positive changes across a variety of secondary metrics. The total volume of alcohol consumed dropped substantially more in the semaglutide group than in the placebo group.</p>
<p>Patients receiving the active drug also reported fewer individual drinks per drinking day. Their overall alcohol craving scores decreased measurably compared to those receiving the placebo. To ensure the patients were reporting accurately, the scientists used objective blood tests to track recent alcohol use.</p>
<p>Specifically, the researchers measured a biomarker called phosphatidyl ethanol, which accumulates in the blood after alcohol consumption. The levels of this biomarker dropped markedly in the semaglutide group, directly aligning with their claims of reduced drinking. The placebo group did not show a statistically significant change in this biological marker.</p>
<p>The scientists also tracked changes using the World Health Organization’s risk drinking levels. This metric categorizes alcohol consumption into low, medium, high, and very high risk tiers. Moving down just two levels on this scale is associated with a lower chance of long-term health problems. The semaglutide group successfully achieved a two-level reduction much more frequently than the placebo group.</p>
<p>The medication also improved several physical health indicators. Patients taking semaglutide lost an average of 11.2 kilograms, which is roughly 24 pounds. The placebo group lost an average of only 2.2 kilograms, or about five pounds. The active treatment group also saw a measurable reduction in waist size and lowered blood pressure.</p>
<p>Doctors closely monitored the patients’ internal organs throughout the trial to ensure safety. They found that an enzyme linked to liver damage decreased sharply in the semaglutide group. However, levels of a digestive enzyme called amylase rose slightly in some patients receiving the active drug. Fortunately, these mild enzyme elevations did not cause symptoms or lead to serious pancreatic issues.</p>
<p>To evaluate the real-world usefulness of the drug, the researchers calculated a clinical metric known as the number needed to treat. This number represents how many patients must receive a medication for one person to achieve a highly positive outcome. For semaglutide in this specific study, the number needed to treat was 4.3.</p>
<p>This figure suggests a high level of pharmaceutical effectiveness. The currently approved medications for alcohol use disorder generally have a number needed to treat of seven or higher. “We’re beginning to see some of that potential for GLP-1s to treat drug addiction turn into reality. Questions remain but this is nonetheless very encouraging,” said Nora Volkow, a study co-author and director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, in the National Institutes of Health press release.</p>
<p>The researchers did observe some adverse effects, though they were mostly related to the digestive system. Patients taking semaglutide frequently reported nausea, a loss of appetite, vomiting, and stomach pain. These side effects were generally mild to moderate and tended to pass quickly.</p>
<p>Despite the frequency of these gastrointestinal complaints, very few participants dropped out of the study because of them. Only four individuals in the semaglutide group discontinued the trial directly due to medication side effects. Overall, eighty-one percent of the enrolled participants completed the full 26-week intervention.</p>
<p>The medication’s benefits did not extend to all addictive behaviors tracked during the trial. Some participants were daily cigarette smokers at the start of the study. Despite the pronounced drop in their alcohol consumption, these individuals did not reduce their tobacco use. This observation suggests that the drug’s effects might vary depending on the specific substance involved.</p>
<p>While the trial provides strong evidence for the drug’s utility, the researchers and outside experts acknowledge several limitations. Because the study only included participants with a body mass index of thirty or higher, the results cannot automatically be applied to thinner individuals. It remains unknown if the medication would reduce alcohol cravings in patients who do not have comorbid obesity.</p>
<p>Additionally, the study was conducted at a single clinic with a relatively small sample size of 108 people. The participants were predominantly white, which limits how broadly the findings can be generalized to other demographic groups. The inclusion of cognitive behavioral therapy for all patients may have also boosted the overall success rates, masking how the drug might perform in a real-world setting without extensive therapy.</p>
<p>Perhaps the most pressing question involves what happens after the pharmacological treatment ends. The trial did not follow up with participants to monitor their alcohol consumption after the 26-week period concluded. Past research shows that when patients stop taking semaglutide for weight loss, their appetite often returns in full force.</p>
<p>Matt Field, a professor of psychology at the University of Sheffield who was not involved in the research, highlighted this unknown factor. “Drugs such as Ozempic and Wegovy act like brakes on our appetite. When people stop taking them, they are essentially taking their foot off the brake,” Field said in a statement provided to <a href="https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-an-rct-for-semaglutide-in-patients-with-alcohol-use-disorder-and-comorbid-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Science Media Centre</a>. He noted that a similar rebound effect might occur with alcohol consumption once the medication is stopped.</p>
<p>Moving forward, the authors plan to explore these lingering scientific questions. They hope to conduct larger trials that encompass diverse populations, including patients without obesity. Extended follow-up periods will also be necessary to determine if the medication can support long-term recovery from alcohol use disorder.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00305-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in patients with alcohol use disorder and comorbid obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial</a>,” was authored by Mette Kruse Klausen, Signe Keller Justesen, Julie Niemann Pedersen, Line Rasmussen, Andreas Jensen, Mathias Ebbesen Jensen, et al.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/excess-body-mass-does-not-inherently-reduce-employment-chances-in-australia-study-finds/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Excess body mass does not inherently reduce employment chances in Australia, study finds</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 1st 2026, 16:00</div>
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<p><p>A recent study published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101598"><em>Economics & Human Biology</em></a> suggests that carrying excess body weight does not inherently reduce a person’s chances of finding employment in Australia. By analyzing long-term data, researchers found no consistent evidence that overweight or obese individuals face widespread hiring discrimination. The findings suggest that when past employment history is considered, body mass has little to no impact on current job prospects.</p>
<p>Obesity rates have increased significantly across the globe over the past few decades. In Australia alone, roughly one in three adults were classified as obese in 2022. This rise in body mass presents various health risks, but it also raises questions about potential social and economic consequences.</p>
<p>“The international literature generally finds that excess body mass is associated with poorer labour market outcomes, particularly lower employment probabilities for women, with growing evidence that these effects reflect discrimination and stigma rather than productivity alone,” said researcher Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, a professor of economics at Macquarie Business School. “The motivation of this research came from the growing prevalence of excess body mass in Australia and the relative lack of causal evidence on how it affects labour market outcomes,” he explained.</p>
<p>Mukhopadhaya supervised the research alongside Chris Heaton, which was led by former doctoral student Anushiya Vijayasivajie. Australia has anti-discrimination laws designed to protect workers, making it important to evaluate whether taste-based discrimination still negatively impacts hiring decisions. Taste-based discrimination happens when employers allow personal prejudices to influence their professional choices.</p>
<p>To conduct the investigation, the researchers utilized data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. This large national project tracks the economic and personal well-being of thousands of Australian households over many years. The scientists focused on data collected between 2006 and 2019, intentionally stopping just before the pandemic to avoid unusual employment disruptions.</p>
<p>The final analysis included up to 10,233 unique individuals between the ages of 25 and 54. This resulted in a total of 76,307 separate survey observations over the thirteen-year tracking period. The researchers excluded full-time students and pregnant women to ensure the data accurately reflected the general working population.</p>
<p>To measure body mass, the scientists calculated each participant’s Body Mass Index. This standard measurement uses a person’s height and weight to estimate their total body fat. Participants were grouped into classifications based on guidelines from the World Health Organization, ranging from underweight to severely obese.</p>
<p>The researchers recorded whether each individual was employed or unemployed during each survey year. They also controlled for an extensive range of personal characteristics to ensure they were isolating the specific effect of body mass. These background factors included geographic location, education level, and early life experiences, such as the socioeconomic status of a person’s parents.</p>
<p>The researchers even included measures of personality, like a person’s willingness to take risks or their preference for immediate rewards over future benefits. Factoring in these elements helped the scientists paint a highly detailed picture of each individual. It also minimized the chance that other personal traits were secretly driving the employment outcomes.</p>
<p>To analyze this massive dataset, the scientists used two different mathematical approaches. The initial approach functions by assuming that unmeasured personal traits behave in a predictable, linear way. It also assumes that a person’s body mass operates independently, acting solely as a cause rather than an effect of their job status.</p>
<p>Under these specific conditions, the preliminary model suggested that individuals with higher body mass were slightly less likely to be employed. However, the researchers recognized that human lives rarely follow such strict, independent rules. For instance, being unemployed can lead to financial strain, which might force a person to rely on cheaper, heavily processed foods.</p>
<p>In this scenario, losing a job actually causes the weight gain, creating a loop known as reverse causality. To address this issue, the scientists applied a more advanced statistical technique known as the generalized method of moments. This preferred method relaxed the strict mathematical rules and accounted for the possibility that unemployment could lead to weight gain.</p>
<p>This advanced method also explicitly stripped away hidden, unchanging factors that might skew the results. When applying this more nuanced approach, the researchers found no statistical association between excess body mass and employment. This result held true across the entire sample and remained consistent regardless of whether self-employed workers were included.</p>
<p>“The results were sensitive to assumptions made for instance, accounting for individuals’ employment history yields results that differ substantively from results that do not account for individuals’ employment history,” Mukhopadhaya noted. When the data was split by gender, the researchers still found no evidence that heavier men or women were less likely to be employed in Australia.</p>
<p>The scientists also explored the idea of health-related productivity. They wondered if underlying physical or mental health conditions might cause heavier individuals to miss work or be perceived as less productive. By comparing statistical models, they found very weak evidence that health-related productivity influenced the relationship between body weight and employment.</p>
<p>While the study provides a detailed look at the Australian labor market, there are some potential limitations to consider. The findings highlight how sensitive economic research is to the specific mathematical models chosen. “The type of methodology used to investigate the relationship matters and as such, this should be kept in mind when interpreting/understanding the results,” Mukhopadhaya explained.</p>
<p>The study also relied on self-reported heights and weights, which can introduce subjectivity bias. People tend to underestimate their weight, which could slightly skew the body mass calculations. To address this, the scientists ran tests using correction equations to adjust for known reporting biases, and the adjusted results closely matched the original findings.</p>
<p>Despite the lack of statistical significance in the final models, the researchers caution against ignoring the issue entirely. “While there is less than convincing evidence of hiring discrimination against individuals due to their excess body mass status, the potential for this type of discrimination to exist in Australia cannot be ruled out,” Mukhopadhaya said.</p>
<p>Moving forward, the research team hopes to expand their investigation to see how body weight impacts other professional outcomes. “Subject to the availability of resources, we would like to examine the effects on occupational sorting, job stability and tenure, hours worked and contract type,” Mukhopadhaya said. “Moreover, we would like to analyse differential effects by occupation and industry.”</p>
<p>The scientists hope their work inspires broader global investigations. “We hope this research serves as an impetus for further research using a more comprehensive dataset across multiple OECD countries,” Mukhopadhaya added.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101598">The impact of excess body mass on employment prospects in Australia</a>,” was authored by Anushiya Vijayasivajie, Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, and Chris Heaton.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/common-cholesterol-medications-do-not-alter-long-term-dementia-risk/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Common cholesterol medications do not alter long-term dementia risk</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 1st 2026, 14:00</div>
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<p><p>Taking common cholesterol-lowering medications known as statins does not appear to affect an older adult’s long-term risk of developing dementia. While these drugs reliably protect the heart, they do not seem to offer secondary protection against cognitive decline. The findings from a massive observational study were recently published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000213855">Neurology</a></em>.</p>
<p>Statins are widespread prescription medications designed to lower low-density lipoprotein. Medical professionals frequently refer to this specific lipid as the “bad” cholesterol. It is a waxy substance that circulates in the bloodstream and can accumulate inside arterial walls. When this buildup occurs, the arteries become unnaturally narrow and stiff.</p>
<p>That narrowing process creates a heavy strain on the cardiovascular system. Restricted blood flow deprives tissues of oxygen and drastically increases the chances of experiencing a heart attack or a stroke. Statin medications step in to disrupt this dangerous buildup by strictly limiting the liver’s ability to produce the waxy compound. Lowering the amount of circulating lipids helps keep blood vessels open and healthy over the long term.</p>
<p>Researchers have suspected that vascular health also plays a substantial role in maintaining brain function. The human brain requires a vast network of tiny, delicate blood vessels to deliver oxygen and essential nutrients. If high cholesterol damages those intricate pathways, the surrounding brain tissue can suffer microscopic injuries over time.</p>
<p>These microscopic vascular injuries contribute directly to a progressive condition known as vascular dementia. Erratic blood flow might also accelerate the physical brain changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. These biological realities led many scientists to hypothesize that clearing the arteries with statins might delay or prevent serious memory disorders.</p>
<p>Previous studies attempting to answer this medical question yielded highly mixed results. Some observational records suggested that statin users experienced less cognitive decline, while several randomized clinical trials showed no cognitive benefit at all. The clinical trials, however, typically lasted only a few years and followed small groups of highly selected patient volunteers.</p>
<p>A team of researchers decided to investigate this lingering uncertainty using a massive pool of patient data. Scott C. Zimmerman, a researcher at the Boston University School of Public Health and the University of California San Francisco, led the specific analytical effort. The team analyzed electronic medical records spanning more than two decades to gather definitive answers.</p>
<p>The scientists utilized a methodology known as a target trial emulation. This advanced approach analyzes historical medical records using the strict mathematical rules of a simulated clinical trial. Instead of randomly assigning participants to take a pill today, the researchers look backward into the archives to group highly similar historical patients together mathematically.</p>
<p>Running a traditional clinical trial to study rare forms of dementia requires tracking tens of thousands of people for twenty years. The financial cost and logistical burden of such an enormous project make it nearly impossible to execute. By employing a simulated trial approach, the scientists bypassed those hurdles while avoiding many of the biases found in simple observational studies.</p>
<p>The team examined health records from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a massive integrated health care delivery system. The study focused entirely on hundreds of thousands of adults born before the year 1951. Over the years, some of these aging patients received a statin prescription from their doctors, while others did not.</p>
<p>The researchers painstakingly paired up patients who started a statin pill with up to five highly similar individuals who went untreated. They ensured that the paired individuals were the exact same age and had matching baseline cholesterol levels. Certain subgroups within the study also provided comprehensive lifestyle surveys and personal genetic data to the hospital system.</p>
<p>From that genetic pool, the scientists searched for a specific variant known as apolipoprotein E. Having this specific gene sequence increases a person’s natural vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease. Factoring in this genetic information helped the research team confirm that the treated and untreated groupings were truly identical at baseline.</p>
<p>In total, the final analysis included more than 320,000 unique patients. Roughly a quarter of a million of these individuals were categorized as active statin users. The researchers then tracked the medical outcomes of the total participant pool for an average of nearly twelve years.</p>
<p>The initial data returned a highly unexpected pattern. During the first year after starting a statin pill, patients showed a forty-six percent higher chance of being diagnosed with a related dementia. They were diagnosed with cognitive decline much more frequently than their paired counterparts who did not take the drug.</p>
<p>The researchers do not believe the medication actually caused a sudden wave of brain disease. Instead, they attribute this brief diagnostic spike to a systemic phenomenon known as diagnostic bias. When older adults start a new daily medication, they typically visit their primary doctor’s office much more often to monitor potential side effects.</p>
<p>This routine increase in medical observation simply creates more opportunities for doctors to notice early memory issues. A patient might have been experiencing mild cognitive decline at home for several years before getting the prescription. The new routine of regular check-ups merely brings the existing condition to the formal attention of the medical staff.</p>
<p>After that first year passed, the temporary diagnostic spike vanished entirely from the dataset. The rate of new dementia diagnoses leveled out to equal the untreated medical group precisely. The team tracked the two groups for a full decade and found no difference in the likelihood of developing late-onset dementia.</p>
<p>In statistical terms, the hazard ratio comparing the two groups settled exactly at a neutral baseline after year one. This metric indicates that the statin therapy was not associated with any measurable increase or decrease in dementia risk over the long term. Adding the sociological survey data into the computer model did not alter these neutral findings.</p>
<p>Adjusting the mathematical calculations for variables like a patient’s annual income, educational background, or general physical health did not shift the final timeline. Factoring in the presence of the Alzheimer’s risk gene also failed to yield a protective association for the statin users. Across the board, the long-term results remained uniformly neutral.</p>
<p>The study authors did note a few limitations to their historical approach. By design, the simulation focused purely on the act of acquiring an initial medication prescription at the pharmacy. The data could not definitively prove whether every aging patient swallowed their pills exactly as directed every single day at home.</p>
<p>This analytical choice prevents the scientists from quantifying the exact impact of flawless, lifelong adherence to the drug. They also acknowledged that diagnosing specific types of dementia happens inconsistently in standard community medical settings. Family doctors often use broad diagnostic codes rather than sending patients to a neurologist to pinpoint the exact neurological subtype of their memory disorder. These broad clinical labels introduce a small amount of expected noise into the medical data.</p>
<p>Despite these minor constraints, the sheer size and diversity of the patient group bolsters the reliability of the outcome. The findings do not negate the immense cardiovascular benefits of taking the medication directly as prescribed by a physician. Preventing severe arterial blockages, heart attacks, and strokes remains a cornerstone of preventative medicine for the aging global population.</p>
<p>Future studies might explore whether specific chemical formulations or varying dosages of statin medications operate differently within the structural brain. Some versions of the medication cross into brain tissue more easily than other generic variants. Tracking those subtle pharmacological differences down the line could provide even more granular details about brain health in older adults.</p>
<p>At present, the findings offer a highly reassuring baseline for the general patient population. Patients taking these common medications do not need to worry that the pills are secretly hastening their cognitive decline as they age. At the same time, the medical community should not view the drugs as a preventative shield against the natural onset of Alzheimer’s disease.</p>
<p>The study, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000213855">“Statin Initiation and Dementia Incidence in a Large Health care System From 1997 to 2020: A Target Trial Emulation Study”</a>, was authored by Scott C. Zimmerman, Minhyuk Choi, Chen Jiang, Erin L. Ferguson, Thomas J. Hoffmann, Kaitlin Swinnerton, Akinyemi Oni-Orisan, Paola Gilsanz, Travis J. Meyers, Vidhu Choudhary, Rachel A. Whitmer, Neil Risch, Ronald M. Krauss, Catherine A. Schaefer, and M. Maria Glymour.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/new-onset-loneliness-triggers-an-accelerated-drop-in-cognitive-health/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">New-onset loneliness triggers an accelerated drop in cognitive health</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">May 1st 2026, 12:00</div>
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<p><p>Older adults who begin to experience loneliness face an accelerated rate of cognitive decline compared to their peers. A new analysis of long-term health records shows that memory and thinking skills deteriorate at similar rates until a person first feels lonely, at which point their cognitive downward trajectory speeds up. The research was published in the <i><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121299">Journal of Affective Disorders</a></i>.</p>
<p>As global populations age, finding ways to protect memory and maintain personal independence has become a major public health priority. Medical professionals continually look for risk factors that can be modified through lifestyle changes or medical treatments. Beyond physical health markers, psychological experiences are increasingly recognized as powerful influences on brain health.</p>
<p>Loneliness is a subjective feeling of distress that arises when a person feels their social relationships are inadequate. It differs from simply being alone, as surrounded people can still feel profoundly isolated. Previous research has consistently linked this emotional state to a higher risk of developing conditions like dementia.</p>
<p>Identifying exactly how and when this relationship unfolds has proven difficult. Most older studies examined people who were already lonely at the start of observation. They compared those individuals against a baseline of people with active social lives and strong community ties.</p>
<p>This approach creates a “chicken or the egg” scenario. Does loneliness speed up cognitive decline, or do people who are already losing their memory tend to withdraw socially and become lonely as a result? To answer this, researchers needed data that tracked individuals from a point before any loneliness was reported.</p>
<p>Huping Gong, a nursing researcher at Gannan Medical University in China, led a team of scientists to investigate this chronological puzzle. They aimed to identify the precise moment an individual first felt isolated. By establishing this timeline, they could measure the speed of cognitive decline both before and after the event.</p>
<p>The team used data from a massive project that tracks the health and wellbeing of people aged 50 and older in the United Kingdom. Participants in this national database undergo regular interviews. Every two years, they answer questionnaires about their lives, and every four years, they provide biological samples.</p>
<p>To isolate the effect of new-onset loneliness, Gong and colleagues filtered the database. They selected thousands of individuals who reported no feelings of loneliness during their initial assessment. They also excluded anyone who already had severe cognitive impairment, such as dementia, or who had suffered a stroke.</p>
<p>Because lonely and non-lonely people often have different underlying health profiles, the researchers used a statistical technique to level the playing field. They matched exactly 635 participants who eventually developed loneliness with 1,900 individuals who never did. The matching process paired people with similar ages, education levels, body mass indexes, smoking habits, and medical conditions.</p>
<p>Researchers evaluated cognitive function using three specific tests. The first measured memory by asking participants to immediately recall a list of ten words, and then recall them again after a delay. The second assessed semantic fluency by counting how many animal names a person could list in exactly one minute.</p>
<p>The final test measured basic orientation. Participants received a score based on their ability to correctly identify the current year, month, day, and day of the week. Combined, these three scores provided a comprehensive picture of an individual’s overall cognitive performance over time.</p>
<p>The analysis revealed a striking pattern. Before the onset of loneliness, the rate of cognitive decline was functionally identical between the two groups. Those who would eventually become lonely were not on a steeper downward path beforehand.</p>
<p>The trajectories diverged sharply once an individual reported feeling lonely for the first time. The affected individuals experienced an immediate acceleration in the deterioration of their global cognitive scores. Their memory, name recall, and basic orientation skills all declined at substantially faster rates than their non-lonely peers.</p>
<p>While the study relied on cognitive test scores, the authors offered biological explanations for why psychological pain is associated with changes in the brain. Chronic emotional distress often accompanies dysfunction in the body’s stress response systems. This leads to sustained spikes in cortisol, a hormone that has toxic effects on memory centers when levels remain high over time.</p>
<p>Social interaction also serves as a vital workout for the human brain. Conversing with others and navigating social situations requires complex thinking and rapid language processing. When people feel isolated and engage less with their communities, they lose this stimulating mental exercise, which likely contributes to their conversational fluency beginning to atrophy.</p>
<p>The researchers also broke the data down into specific demographic and health categories to see who was most vulnerable. The acceleration in cognitive decline following loneliness was especially prominent in women, older participants, and those with less formal education. People with angina, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, also saw steeper drops.</p>
<p>The cardiovascular connection highlights how physical and emotional ailments compound one another. Angina is associated with chronic inflammation and damage to blood vessels. When paired with the physiological stress of isolation, the brain struggles to maintain its neural connections.</p>
<p>Not all participants remained lonely forever. The researchers categorized the group into different patterns, such as persistent loneliness, fluctuating loneliness, and recovered loneliness. Individuals who reported persistent emotional isolation over multiple psychological assessments experienced the steepest cognitive declines of all.</p>
<p>Conversely, those who eventually recovered from their loneliness saw their rate of cognitive decline slow down. Helping individuals overcome feelings of isolation does not merely improve their mood or emotional wellbeing. Rebuilding social connections actually appears to slow the physical deterioration of the brain.</p>
<p>Based on these observations, medical professionals should treat loneliness as an actionable health metric. Routine medical checkups for older adults rarely include questionnaires about social isolation. Adding a brief psychological survey to yearly exams could help doctors catch the early warning signs of cognitive trouble.</p>
<p>Catching new-onset loneliness offers a window of opportunity. Doctors who detect sudden shifts in a patient’s social wellbeing can recommend targeted interventions. They might also initiate more frequent monitoring for early signs of memory loss or dementia.</p>
<p>The research carries a few limitations. The assessment of emotional isolation relied entirely on self-reported questionnaires. While this is the standard method for measuring a subjective feeling, individual survey responses remain susceptible to measurement errors or personal biases.</p>
<p>The study also relied on data gathered strictly from the United Kingdom. Factors that drive social isolation in one country might look quite different in another. Additional studies are required to confirm if these exact patterns hold true across different cultures and healthcare systems.</p>
<p>Even with advanced statistical matching, hidden variables could still influence the results. The researchers adjusted for numerous traits, but they could not account for unmeasured genetic factors. Undetected biological signatures might independently increase the likelihood of both loneliness and cognitive impairment.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121299">Trajectories of cognitive decline before and after new-onset loneliness: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing</a>,” was authored by Huping Gong, Miwen Zou, Jiachen Xu, Yanan Tu, Huangyun Chen, Tianshu Shao, Fen Ji, Hongxia Wang, and Pan Huang.</p></p>
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<p><strong>Forwarded by:<br />
Michael Reeder LCPC<br />
Baltimore, MD</strong></p>
<p><strong>This information is taken from free public RSS feeds published by each organization for the purpose of public distribution. Readers are linked back to the article content on each organization's website. This email is an unaffiliated unofficial redistribution of this freely provided content from the publishers. </strong></p>
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