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<td><span style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">PsyPost – Psychology News</span></td>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/psychologists-test-the-popular-belief-that-you-must-love-yourself-to-love-a-partner/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Psychologists test the popular belief that you must love yourself to love a partner</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 2nd 2026, 08:00</div>
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<p><p>A recent study published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-025-00536-z" target="_blank">Discover Psychology</a></em> reveals that self-love and romantic love share a measurable connection, though the relationship depends on specific behaviors like self-care. The research clarifies a popular cultural assumption by showing that accepting and caring for oneself can positively influence intimacy and passion with a partner. These results suggest that psychological exercises aimed at improving self-compassion and self-love might eventually serve as useful tools for couples seeking healthier relationships.</p>
<p>Petra Jansen, a researcher at the University of Regensburg in Germany, led the investigation. She collaborated with Martina Rahe from the University of Koblenz and Markus Siebertz, who is also based at the University of Regensburg.</p>
<p>Popular media frequently claims that an individual must love themselves before they can truly love a partner. Sentences stressing the necessity of personal appreciation are common in relationship advice columns. The research team noticed a notable lack of scientific data to support this widespread idea.</p>
<p>To address this gap, the team first had to define what it means to appreciate oneself. The concept of self-love is often misunderstood by the general public. It is frequently confused with narcissism, which is a psychological term for an inflated sense of self-importance and a deep need for excessive attention.</p>
<p>True self-love is a healthy psychological state that is entirely distinct from narcissism. It acts as a protective buffer that helps prevent mental illness and increases overall life satisfaction. Recent psychological models divide self-love into three main parts: self-contact, self-acceptance, and self-care.</p>
<p>The first part, self-contact, involves perceiving oneself clearly. It means paying attention to your internal state and knowing your personal strengths and limitations. It is an act of simple awareness without judgment.</p>
<p>The second part is self-acceptance. This trait requires a person to embrace themselves exactly as they are. It involves welcoming all emotions, even the negative ones, and forgiving oneself for personal flaws.</p>
<p>The final piece is self-care, which focuses on outward actions. It involves treating oneself well and actively shaping one’s life to foster happiness. Doing things that bring joy and finding ways to heal during times of suffering fall under this category.</p>
<p>Self-love also differs slightly from self-compassion. Self-compassion specifically refers to treating yourself like a good friend when you are going through a difficult time. It involves offering yourself kindness rather than harsh judgment when you fail at something important.</p>
<p>Self-compassion has roots in ancient Buddhist practices that aim to nurture an open heart. While self-compassion and self-love are distinct ideas, they are closely linked in practice. People who score high in one area typically score high in the other.</p>
<p>To understand the other half of their study, the researchers relied on a widely used psychological framework called the triangular theory of love. This theory divides romantic partnerships into three core components. It was developed to explain how different types of bonds evolve over time.</p>
<p>The first component of romantic love is intimacy. This term describes feelings of closeness, warmth, and emotional connection between two people. It involves promoting the well-being of a partner and expressing empathy.</p>
<p>The second component is passion, which covers the physical and emotional aspects of attraction. It includes feelings of excitement, desire, and physical arousal. Passion is typically the most intense element at the beginning of a new romance.</p>
<p>The third component is commitment. This represents the conscious decision to stay with a partner over the long term. It is a more cognitive choice, rooted in loyalty and the desire to maintain the bond through difficult periods.</p>
<p>Different combinations of these three elements create different types of partnerships. For example, a bond built only on passion is simply considered infatuation. A partnership that has achieved intimacy, passion, and commitment is known as consummate love.</p>
<p>To explore how self-love interacts with these relationship dynamics, the researchers gathered 460 adult volunteers. All of the participants were actively involved in romantic relationships at the time of the study. The group included 125 men and 335 women.</p>
<p>The participants were predominantly young adults, with an average age of about 27 years. They also tended to be well-educated, with many holding university degrees. The average relationship length for the group was roughly five years.</p>
<p>The volunteers completed a series of detailed questionnaires online. These surveys asked the participants to rate their own levels of self-care, self-acceptance, and self-compassion. The questionnaires also measured the intimacy, passion, and commitment present in their current romantic partnerships.</p>
<p>The researchers then used mathematical models to look for patterns in the data. They wanted to see if the participants’ personal traits reliably predicted the quality of their romantic relationships. They also checked to see if basic factors like age or relationship length played a role.</p>
<p>The results confirmed that the way people treat themselves is closely tied to how they experience romance. However, the exact nature of that connection proved to be highly specific. Not all forms of personal appreciation translated into better romantic bonds.</p>
<p>The researchers found that self-care and self-acceptance successfully predicted higher levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment. People who actively treated themselves well and accepted their own flaws tended to report stronger romantic connections. These two traits seem to provide a solid foundation for building closeness with another person.</p>
<p>In contrast, self-contact was not statistically significant in predicting any aspect of romantic love. This term means that any apparent link between the two traits in the data was too weak to rule out random chance. Simply being aware of your own emotions and limitations did not reliably improve intimacy or passion.</p>
<p>The team noted that self-acceptance and self-care both involve an active choice to be kind to oneself. This active judgment mirrors the conscious choices required to maintain intimacy and commitment with a partner. Self-contact, being a passive form of observation, might serve as a baseline skill but does not directly enhance relationship quality.</p>
<p>The researchers also looked at overall relationship satisfaction. This part of the study measured how happy the participants were with their partnerships as a whole. The results here provided an unexpected twist regarding the role of self-love.</p>
<p>While self-care and self-acceptance improved specific elements like passion and intimacy, overall self-love did not predict general relationship satisfaction. Instead, self-compassion emerged as the defining personal trait for a happy partnership. Participants who treated themselves kindly during times of failure were much more likely to report being broadly satisfied with their relationships.</p>
<p>The data also revealed a few notable details about age and relationship length. As expected, the length of the relationship was a strong predictor of commitment. Couples who had been together longer showed higher levels of loyalty and dedication to the partnership.</p>
<p>Age was only associated with the passion component of the relationships. Older participants tended to report slightly lower levels of passion than younger participants. This aligns with previous psychological theories suggesting that physical excitement often mellows as people age.</p>
<p>The researchers outlined a few limitations to their investigation. The study relied on self-reported questionnaires, meaning participants had to accurately judge their own feelings. People are not always perfect at evaluating their own emotional states, which can slightly skew the data.</p>
<p>The research also used a cross-sectional design. This term means the data was collected at a single point in time, rather than tracking the same people over many years. Because of this setup, the researchers cannot definitively prove cause and effect.</p>
<p>It remains possible that being in a loving relationship actually causes people to practice better self-care. The reverse could also be true, or a third unmeasured factor might be influencing both traits. Long-term studies would be needed to clarify the exact direction of this emotional exchange.</p>
<p>Additionally, the group of volunteers was relatively young and highly educated. Most participants were also in lower income brackets, which is common for university students. Future studies will need to include older adults and people from different economic backgrounds to see if these patterns hold true across a wider population.</p>
<p>Looking ahead, the research team hopes to explore practical applications for their findings. They suggest that future studies should test whether specific training programs can improve relationship dynamics. Teaching people how to practice self-acceptance and self-care might offer a new way to help couples deepen their romantic bonds.</p>
<p>Similarly, therapeutic programs focused on self-compassion could be tested as a tool to increase overall relationship satisfaction. By isolating the different types of internal emotional habits, psychologists can design better strategies for couples counseling. If partners learn to forgive themselves for personal failures, they might find it easier to maintain a happy, stable home.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-025-00536-z" target="_blank">Self-love and love in a romantic relationship are partly related</a>,” was authored by Petra Jansen, Martina Rahe, and Markus Siebertz.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/multiple-childhood-traumas-linked-to-highly-interconnected-addictive-behaviors-in-adulthood/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Multiple childhood traumas linked to highly interconnected addictive behaviors in adulthood</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 2nd 2026, 06:00</div>
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<p><p>A recent study published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108610" target="_blank">Addictive Behaviors</a></em> suggests that experiencing multiple traumatic events during childhood is linked to a higher risk of developing interconnected addictive behaviors later in life. The research provides evidence that people who endure cumulative childhood trauma tend to experience more severe substance and behavioral addictions that reinforce one another. This pattern hints at a complex relationship between early psychological pain and the ways people attempt to cope as adults.</p>
<p>Scientists know that difficult childhood events can increase the likelihood of someone developing an addiction. Historically, many studies have focused on how a single type of trauma affects a specific addiction, such as alcohol dependence or compulsive gambling. Yet, in reality, negative childhood experiences often pile up, with a single child enduring multiple different types of hardships.</p>
<p>At the same time, addictions rarely happen in total isolation. People often switch from one addictive behavior to another or engage in several at the same time. This suggests that different addictions might share an underlying psychological foundation.</p>
<p>“Our study was motivated by a key gap in the scientific literature. While the association between adverse childhood experiences and addictive behaviors has been extensively investigated, the role of cumulative adverse experiences remains only partially explored – not only in relation to single addictive behaviors, but also regarding their interrelationships,” said study author Giorgio Veneziani, a postdoctoral researcher at Sapienza University of Rome.</p>
<p>“Considering that different addictive behaviors tend to co-occur and reinforce each other, understanding how cumulative adverse childhood experiences influence their interaction could help identify vulnerability mechanisms and inform clinical practice. For this reason, we adopted a network analysis approach to move beyond a single-behavior perspective and capture the broader patterns linking multiple addictive behaviors according to adverse childhood experiences.”</p>
<p>For their study, the scientists recruited 802 adults from the general population in Italy. They gathered the participants using advertisements on social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram. The participants completed an online survey that asked about their personal backgrounds and their history of psychological challenges.</p>
<p>The survey included a screening tool to measure ten different types of addictive behaviors. Four of these were related to substances, specifically alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine. The other six were behavioral addictions, which involve an overwhelming urge to engage in activities like gambling, shopping, playing video games, overeating, sex, and overworking.</p>
<p>A behavioral addiction is a condition where a person cannot resist the urge to perform an action that eventually harms their physical, mental, or social well-being. The researchers asked participants how often they felt they did these activities too much, lost control over them, or continued them despite negative consequences.</p>
<p>The scientists also used a questionnaire to assess the participants’ exposure to traumatic events before the age of seventeen. These events included the death of a close family member, severe parental relationship problems, physical violence, serious illness, or sexual abuse. Based on their answers, the participants were sorted into three specific categories.</p>
<p>The first category included 192 people who reported no adverse childhood experiences. The second category consisted of 226 people who had encountered exactly one type of adverse event. The third category included 384 individuals who had lived through two or more different types of childhood trauma.</p>
<p>To analyze the data, the scientists used a technique called network analysis. Network analysis is a statistical method that allows researchers to visualize how different variables relate to one another in a web-like structure. By looking at this web, the researchers could see which addictions frequently co-occurred and which ones served as central hubs connecting other behaviors.</p>
<p>The data provides evidence that the group with multiple adverse childhood experiences had noticeably higher levels of certain addictions. Specifically, these individuals reported more severe issues with tobacco use, overeating, and compulsive sexual behavior compared to the people with no childhood trauma. Overeating was also more severe in this group than in the group with only a single adverse experience.</p>
<p>“The main takeaway is that cumulative adverse childhood experiences appear to play an important role not only in the severity of individual addictive behaviors but also in how these behaviors become interconnected,” Veneziani told PsyPost. “In individuals with multiple adverse experiences, addictive behaviors were more tightly interrelated, highlighting a potential pattern of polysubstance use and stronger links between behavioral and substance-related addictions. </p>
<p>“From a practical standpoint, this suggests that when people experience multiple forms of early adversity, risk may manifest as clusters of reinforcing addictive behaviors, rather than isolated problems – underscoring the importance of prevention and trauma-informed approaches.”</p>
<p>When looking at the network analysis, the researchers found that addictions were much more interconnected for the people who endured multiple childhood traumas. In this group, the different addictive behaviors displayed a higher number of links to one another, creating a dense web. This dense structure suggests a pattern of mutual reinforcement, where one addictive behavior easily triggers or feeds into another.</p>
<p>Within the group with multiple adverse experiences, the substance-related addictions were strongly linked together. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use frequently overlapped, which tends to indicate a pattern of using multiple substances at the same time. Tobacco and alcohol acted as the strongest central anchors in this specific network.</p>
<p>Overeating also played a unique role for those with multiple adverse experiences, showing strong links to shopping, overworking, and substance use. In contrast, for people with no childhood trauma, overeating was only weakly associated with alcohol and was mostly tied to other behavioral addictions. Compulsive sex showed broad connections across all groups, but it linked to shopping and overworking specifically in the multiple trauma group.</p>
<p>Gambling associations also shifted depending on a person’s childhood background. “One particularly noteworthy finding was the way gambling behaved differently across groups,” Veneziani said. “In the single-and multiple-adverse childhood experiences groups, gambling was strongly associated with substance-related addictive behaviors (alcohol and cocaine, respectively).” </p>
<p>“In contrast, in the no-adverse childhood experiences group, gambling was mainly associated with videogaming. These patterns raise broader questions about how gambling should be conceptualized – whether it aligns more closely with behavioral addictions or substance-related profiles. In individuals with cumulative adverse childhood experiences, gambling appeared more embedded in a dysregulated, compulsive, substance-linked pattern.”</p>
<p>“Our findings suggest that clinicians and prevention programs should address not only the management of single addictive behaviors but also the co-occurring dynamics among them,” Veneziani explained. “In this perspective, early screening for cumulative adversity and targeted prevention in educational and healthcare settings may be key strategies to reduce the development of interrelated patterns of addictive behaviors.”</p>
<p>While the study offers a detailed look at how addictions overlap, it has some limitations. The research relied on a cross-sectional design, meaning it captured a snapshot of data at one specific moment in time. Because of this, the researchers cannot definitively prove that childhood trauma directly causes these interconnected addictions, only that a strong relationship exists.</p>
<p>Additionally, the social media recruitment strategy resulted in a sample that was primarily young, Italian, and female. This specific demographic makeup means the findings might not apply perfectly to older generations or people from different cultural backgrounds. Future research should aim to include a wider variety of age groups and nationalities to see if these patterns hold true globally. Scientists also need to look at other contributing factors in the future.</p>
<p>“One important next step is to extend this line of work to emerging and technologically mediated forms of addiction, including potential addictive patterns related to artificial intelligence use,” Veneziani said. “As AI-based systems become increasingly embedded in everyday life, it will be crucial to understand the psychological vulnerability mechanisms that may contribute to problematic or compulsive patterns of AI interaction.”</p>
<p>“One broader implication of our findings is methodological. By applying network analysis to addictive behaviors in relation to adverse childhood experiences, the study suggests the value of moving beyond diagnostic models toward an individual, personalized understanding of addiction. Clinically, this supports integrated screening and prevention strategies that consider both adverse experiences history and the potential co-occurrence of multiple addictive behaviors.”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108610" target="_blank">The role of cumulative adverse childhood experiences in the interrelationships among addictive behaviors: A network analysis study</a>,” was authored by Giorgio Veneziani, Emanuele Giraldi, Giulia Panagini, Giuseppe Marano, Giuseppe Manuel Festa, Marianna Mazza, and Carlo Lai.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/war-leaves-most-adults-in-gaza-with-severe-mental-health-conditions/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">War leaves most adults in Gaza with severe mental health conditions</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 1st 2026, 16:00</div>
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<p><p>Continuous warfare in the Gaza Strip has left a vast majority of its adult population experiencing severe mental health conditions, including overwhelming anxiety, depression, and trauma. The research detailing these psychological impacts was recently published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-025-00681-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conflict and Health</a></em>.</p>
<p>War takes a massive physical toll on communities through direct violence and the destruction of infrastructure. It also creates deep, invisible psychological wounds that can last for generations. Mental health conditions like depression and anxiety often surge in conflict zones as people endure constant fear, displacement, and the loss of loved ones.</p>
<p>Post-traumatic stress disorder is another common outcome of living through prolonged violence. This psychiatric condition occurs when individuals experience shocking or dangerous events and subsequently suffer from a range of debilitating symptoms. People with this disorder often experience intrusive memories, emotional numbness, and a heightened state of physical alert that makes it difficult to sleep or concentrate.</p>
<p>Before the current conflict escalated in October 2023, residents of the Gaza Strip already faced intense levels of psychological distress. Decades of economic hardship, restricted movement, and recurrent military operations had created a highly vulnerable population. Previous studies indicated that a large portion of the region’s adults and children were already struggling with depressive symptoms.</p>
<p>The current war has drastically worsened these living conditions and expanded the scope of human suffering. A massive portion of the population has been displaced from their homes into crowded, temporary shelters. Meanwhile, the widespread destruction of hospitals and basic infrastructure has severely limited access to medical and psychological care.</p>
<p>Understanding the true psychological burden of this ongoing crisis is a highly urgent task for public health experts. Medical researcher Mohamed R. Zughbur at al-Azhar University in Gaza led a team of international health professionals to measure the exact scale of this mental health emergency. Zughbur and his colleagues recognized that immediate data was necessary to guide both current humanitarian aid and future medical interventions.</p>
<p>The research team set out to measure the exact prevalence of mental health disorders in Gaza after a full year of the ongoing war. They also sought to identify which specific wartime experiences were most closely linked to extreme psychological distress.</p>
<p>To gather this information, the researchers conducted an online survey between November 2024 and January 2025. The ongoing violence and the destruction of roads made in-person interviews too dangerous and logistically impossible. The team distributed the survey through email and various social media networks to reach as many people as possible.</p>
<p>They successfully collected responses from 405 Palestinian adults currently living in the Gaza Strip. The participants were asked a series of demographic questions regarding their age, living situation, and level of education.</p>
<p>The questionnaire also asked participants about their direct exposure to specific war-related events over the past year. It asked whether they had lost a family member, witnessed severe injuries, experienced forced displacement, or lost their jobs due to the conflict.</p>
<p>To measure psychological distress, the researchers utilized three standardized psychological questionnaires. These screening tools asked individuals to rate how often they experienced specific feelings, such as unwanted memories of stressful experiences or a lack of interest in daily activities.</p>
<p>The gathered data revealed exceptionally high rates of mental health disorders among the participants. Nearly 73 percent of the respondents reported experiencing moderate to severe depression. These individuals frequently reported feelings of hopelessness, severe fatigue, and an inability to find pleasure in life.</p>
<p>Anxiety was also highly prevalent across the surveyed population. Exactly 65 percent of the participants reported experiencing moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. These symptoms include constant worry, restlessness, and an inability to focus on basic tasks.</p>
<p>The rates of trauma were even higher than the rates of depression and anxiety. The data showed that 83.5 percent of the surveyed adults met the diagnostic threshold for probable post-traumatic stress disorder. The average score on the trauma questionnaire was exceptionally high, indicating a massive psychological burden among the respondents.</p>
<p>Many individuals were suffering from overlapping mental health conditions at the exact same time. The researchers found that 54 percent of the participants experienced severe depression, severe anxiety, and probable post-traumatic stress disorder simultaneously. This overlap suggests that chronic trauma leads to a widespread collapse of emotional regulation, rather than just a single isolated disorder.</p>
<p>The team then used statistical models to see how specific wartime experiences affected a person’s mental health. They looked at the mathematical odds of a person developing a mental disorder after living through a specific traumatic event. When checking the mathematical fit of these models, the researchers found that the deviations were not statistically significant, meaning their predictive equations were highly reliable.</p>
<p>Losing a family member was strongly linked to worse mental health outcomes. Participants who had lost a relative were almost twice as likely to experience moderate or higher levels of depression and anxiety. This finding aligns with previous studies showing that grief and bereavement are major drivers of psychological distress during a war.</p>
<p>Witnessing violence also had a massive impact on an individual’s psychological well-being. People who saw someone being killed or injured were three times more likely to report moderate to severe anxiety.</p>
<p>Geographic location played a clear role in the respondents’ mental health as well. Living in the northern part of the Gaza Strip, an area that has seen intense military operations, was strongly associated with higher levels of both depression and anxiety.</p>
<p>The researchers also noticed distinct patterns related to the age of the participants. As the age of the respondents increased, their likelihood of experiencing severe depression and trauma symptoms actually decreased.</p>
<p>Older adults may possess more adaptive coping mechanisms or have developed psychological resilience after living through previous periods of conflict. The cultural context of Gaza, which features strong family support systems, might also help insulate older adults from certain types of chronic stress.</p>
<p>However, older individuals reported much higher levels of anxiety than younger participants. The researchers suspect this heightened anxiety stems from age-specific physical vulnerabilities and a reliance on failing healthcare infrastructure. Older adults often face declining physical health and may feel entirely helpless when medical care and essential resources are completely cut off.</p>
<p>While this study provides a clear picture of widespread suffering, the researchers noted a few limitations to their work. Because the survey was conducted entirely online, it required participants to have internet access and a functional digital device. This method likely excluded the most impoverished residents and older individuals who lack reliable technology.</p>
<p>The sample of participants ended up being highly educated compared to the general population. In fact, more than 90 percent of the survey respondents held a bachelor’s degree or a higher level of education.</p>
<p>People with lower socioeconomic status usually face even worse psychological impacts during a prolonged war. As a result, the true rates of depression and anxiety in the broader population might be even higher than this study captured.</p>
<p>The researchers also relied on self-reported symptoms rather than formal psychiatric evaluations conducted by a medical doctor. While the questionnaires used are highly reliable in research settings, self-reporting can sometimes be influenced by a person’s immediate level of distress.</p>
<p>Additionally, the study only surveyed adult residents of the region. Children are exceptionally vulnerable to the trauma of war, and their specific psychological needs remain largely unmeasured in this particular research.</p>
<p>Future studies will need to address these gaps by including children and reaching populations without internet access. The researchers suggest that future projects should also focus on developing psychological interventions designed specifically for the cultural context of Gaza.</p>
<p>Healing from this level of widespread trauma will require more than just standard medical treatments. It will demand comprehensive, community-led programs that rebuild social bonds and provide long-term emotional support.</p>
<p>Until then, the current data demonstrates an overwhelming need for international support and an immediate end to the violence. Mental health care must become a central part of the humanitarian response to this ongoing crisis.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-025-00681-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prevalence and correlates of anxiety, depression, and symptoms of trauma among Palestinian adults in Gaza after a year of war: a cross-sectional study</a>,” was authored by Mohamed R. Zughbur, Yaser Hamam, Ashraf Kagee, Majd Hamam, Yara M. Hijazi, Mohammed Hamam, Ola Abuolwan, Shameq Sayeed and Guido Veronese.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/childhood-adhd-medication-is-linked-to-slight-changes-in-adult-height-and-weight/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Childhood ADHD medication is linked to slight changes in adult height and weight</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 1st 2026, 14:00</div>
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<p><p>Children who are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, commonly known as ADHD, and treated with a common stimulant medication may be slightly more likely to experience a higher body weight and a fractionally shorter height by the time they reach adulthood. These physical changes remain small in scale, but the results suggest that doctors should regularly monitor the physical growth of children receiving this treatment. The research was published in the journal <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2843415" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JAMA Network Open</a></em>.</p>
<p>ADHD is a condition that affects how people behave, focus, and control their impulses. For many children, doctors prescribe a medication called methylphenidate to help manage these behavioral symptoms. Methylphenidate is a stimulant drug that works by changing the balance of certain chemicals in the brain.</p>
<p>The medication is widely recognized as a highly effective and safe treatment for helping young people succeed in daily activities. Despite its effectiveness, medical professionals have raised questions about how this medication might affect physical development over a long period. Some earlier reports suggested a potential link between stimulant medications and changes in childhood growth rates.</p>
<p>Researchers wanted to know if these physical changes simply fade away over time or if they last all the way into adulthood. Children with this behavioral condition often experience challenges that can independently affect their physical health. For example, they might have irregular eating habits, struggle with getting enough physical activity, or experience poor sleep quality.</p>
<p>Sleep is an especially important factor for growing children because the human body releases the majority of its growth hormones during deep sleep. If a child repeatedly fails to get restful sleep, this hormonal process can slow down their overall growth rate. Adding a stimulant medication like methylphenidate into the mix introduces additional variables for a growing child.</p>
<p>The medication is well known to temporarily suppress a person’s appetite during the day. This suppression can cause children to skip meals, which might lead to overeating later in the evening when the medication wears off. A cycle of skipping meals and overeating can contribute to weight gain over several years.</p>
<p>At the same time, missing out on consistent calories during the day could potentially restrict the raw energy a child needs to grow taller. The physical stress of living with a behavioral condition can also disrupt a child’s natural circadian rhythms over time. This ongoing stress affects how the body manages energy and balances basic metabolic functions.</p>
<p>Over several years, these tiny disruptions to the internal clock could heavily influence how a child gains weight. The researchers noted that the medication also works by increasing levels of a brain chemical called dopamine. Beyond its role in behavior and attention, dopamine interacts with the brain structures that control growth hormones.</p>
<p>Repeated fluctuations in dopamine levels during childhood might create unstable conditions for optimal physical growth. To better understand these possibilities, a team of researchers from the Republic of Korea decided to look at long-term health records. The research team was led by Jihun Song, a biomedical researcher based at the Korea University College of Medicine.</p>
<p>Song and his colleagues aimed to see if a childhood diagnosis of ADHD, along with the use of methylphenidate, changed a person’s body mass index in their early twenties. Body mass index, or BMI, is a standard medical calculation that uses a person’s height and weight to estimate their total body fat. To conduct the study, the research team gathered anonymized records from the national health insurance system in South Korea.</p>
<p>They focused on two main groups of young people who were newly diagnosed with the behavioral condition between 2008 and 2013. The primary group included 12,866 prepubescent children who were between the ages of six and eleven. A second group included 21,984 adolescents who were between the ages of twelve and nineteen.</p>
<p>The researchers matched each of these individuals with a control subject of the exact same age, sex, and household income level who did not have the condition. This matching process helped ensure that the comparisons between the groups were as fair and accurate as possible. The team then looked at the medical records to see which individuals were prescribed methylphenidate.</p>
<p>They calculated exactly how many days each patient took the medication over a four-year period following their initial diagnosis. Next, the researchers waited for the data to catch up to the patients’ adulthood. Between the years of 2018 and 2022, when the participants were between the ages of 20 and 25, the researchers examined the results of their national health checkups.</p>
<p>They recorded the final adult height and BMI for each person in the study. The results showed a clear difference in body weight between the different groups of young adults. Children who were diagnosed with the condition had a higher average BMI in adulthood compared to the matched control group.</p>
<p>This weight difference was even more pronounced among the children who specifically took methylphenidate. When looking at the rates of clinical obesity, the trends followed a similar path. In the control group without the condition, exactly 35 percent of the adults were classified as overweight or obese.</p>
<p>For the adults who had a childhood diagnosis but did not take the medication, the overweight and obesity rate climbed to just over 43 percent. For those who were diagnosed and actively treated with the stimulant medication, the rate reached 46.5 percent. The researchers also noticed a connection between the amount of medication taken and the final adult weight.</p>
<p>Children who took the medication for more than a year showed higher BMI scores than those who took it for less than a year. The total dosage over time directly corresponded with the likelihood of having a higher body weight in adulthood. When it came to height, the results were slightly different.</p>
<p>For children who had ADHD but did not take the medication, the difference in final adult height was not statistically significant when compared to the control group. In other words, simply having the condition did not appear to stunt a person’s final adult height. However, the children who actively took methylphenidate did show a measurable reduction in their final adult height.</p>
<p>Much like the weight results, the height reduction was tied to the duration of the treatment. Those who took the medication for longer periods experienced a slightly greater reduction in their final height. While these height reductions were measurable in the data, they were incredibly small in a practical sense.</p>
<p>For example, women who took the medication for more than a year during childhood were only about 0.6 centimeters shorter on average than women in the control group. This difference is a fraction of an inch, which falls well below the standard threshold that doctors would consider physically alarming. The research team also looked at the group of older adolescents who were diagnosed between the ages of twelve and nineteen.</p>
<p>Because these teenagers had already completed a large portion of their physical growth, the medication had a much smaller effect on their final adult height and weight. The physical changes were most apparent in the children who started taking the medication before they hit puberty. The researchers noted several limitations to their work.</p>
<p>Because this was an observational study based on existing medical records, the researchers cannot definitively prove that the medication directly caused the changes in weight and height. The study design only allows them to show a correlation between the treatment and the physical outcomes. The health records also lacked certain pieces of information that could influence a child’s growth.</p>
<p>For instance, the researchers did not have access to the heights and weights of the participants’ parents, which is a massive factor in determining a person’s adult size. They also lacked detailed information about the participants’ daily diets, exercise routines, and exact sleep schedules over the years. The research team stressed that parents and patients should not abandon this effective medication based on these findings.</p>
<p>The behavioral and academic benefits of managing the condition are well established and generally outweigh a fraction of a centimeter in height. Instead, the authors recommend that pediatricians simply keep a close eye on their patients’ physical development. If a child on this medication begins to show signs of slowed growth or excessive weight gain, doctors can intervene with lifestyle advice.</p>
<p>Counseling families on balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and healthy sleep habits might be enough to offset these mild physical effects. For children who are already at a high risk for growth delays, doctors might consider adjusting the medication dosage. Future studies will likely focus on tracking patients’ daily habits to see exactly how lifestyle choices interact with the medication.</p>
<p>Researchers hope to develop more specific medical guidelines for monitoring the metabolic health of children on long-term stimulant therapy. Until then, basic awareness and regular pediatrician checkups remain the best tools for keeping growing children healthy.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2843415" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ADHD and Methylphenidate Use in Prepubertal Children and BMI and Height at Adulthood</a>,” was authored by Jihun Song, Sun Jae Park, Jiwon Yu, Jina Chung, Seogsong Jeong, and Sang Min Park.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/growing-up-with-solid-cooking-fuels-linked-to-long-term-brain-health-risks/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Growing up with solid cooking fuels linked to long-term brain health risks</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 1st 2026, 12:00</div>
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<p><p>Exposure to indoor air pollution during childhood tends to be linked to poorer cognitive health in older adulthood. This suggests that access to clean energy early in life might help protect the brain as it ages. These findings come from a recent study published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118662" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Social Science & Medicine</a></em>, which provides evidence that growing up in homes using solid fuels for cooking can set off a chain of disadvantages that affect memory and thinking skills decades later.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/xu-zong-972544344/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Xu Zong</a> conducted the new study to explore a gap in our understanding of how early environmental exposures shape aging. While many scientists have established that breathing polluted air during adulthood increases the risk of cognitive decline, the long-term impact of breathing indoor air pollution during childhood remained mostly unexplored. Around the world, billions of people still rely on solid fuels like coal and wood for daily cooking and heating. This practice fills homes with toxic pollutants.</p>
<p>“I am interested in understanding how early-life living conditions, specifically indoor air pollution, may have long-term consequences for cognitive health. Air pollution has been highlighted by <em>The Lancet</em> as one of the modifiable risk factors for dementia. While much research has focused on adult exposures or urban outdoor pollution, there was a gap in linking childhood indoor environments to cognitive outcomes later in life,” said Zong, a researcher at the Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health.</p>
<p>Zong wanted to see if breathing these pollutants during the first seventeen years of life creates a lasting ripple effect. From a life course perspective, childhood experiences shape a person’s entire biological and social trajectory. Early exposure to pollution might hinder brain development directly or cause other health issues that eventually weaken the brain’s resilience. By viewing cognitive aging as a lifelong process, Zong aimed to trace how early disadvantages might accumulate and eventually influence mental sharpness in middle and old age.</p>
<p>To investigate this, Zong analyzed data from a large, nationally representative survey called the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The final sample included 7,161 adults living in China who were 45 years of age or older. Participants answered questions about their life histories, including the primary type of cooking fuel their families used from the time they were born until they turned seventeen. Zong categorized these individuals into two groups based on whether they relied on solid fuels or had access to clean energy like electricity or natural gas.</p>
<p>To measure cognitive performance, the participants completed several standardized mental tasks. The tasks assessed episodic memory, which involves the ability to recall recent events or information, through memory recall tests. They also measured mental intactness, which involves basic thinking skills, by asking participants to do simple math, redraw a picture, and correctly state the current date. Together, these tasks measure fluid cognition, a type of mental processing that is highly sensitive to aging.</p>
<p>Zong applied an advanced statistical technique called a causal forest approach to analyze the data. This is a machine learning method that helps scientists estimate the effects of a specific variable while accounting for complex relationships among many different factors. The analysis controlled for several background details that might influence the results, such as the participants’ age, gender, marital status, and the education levels of their parents.</p>
<p>The results showed that individuals exposed to indoor air pollution throughout their childhood tended to have significantly poorer cognitive performance in later life. This negative association was evident in both their episodic memory and their mental intactness. Out of the 7,161 participants, 96 percent had grown up in homes using solid fuels. These individuals consistently scored lower on the cognitive tests than the 4 percent who grew up using clean energy.</p>
<p>The research also provides evidence explaining how this early exposure translates into cognitive deficits decades later. Zong tested three potential pathways connecting early life to late life: biological, psychological, and socioeconomic. The data suggests that biological factors act as connecting bridges between early pollution exposure and later cognitive decline. For instance, childhood pollution exposure was linked to a higher body mass index and more physical limitations in daily activities during adulthood.</p>
<p>Body mass index is a measure of body fat based on height and weight, and higher levels are linked to various health issues. Limitations in daily activities refer to difficulties with basic self-care tasks like dressing or bathing. Both of these biological factors represent a decline in physical health that can accelerate cognitive aging. On the other hand, inflammation levels, measured by a blood marker called C-reactive protein, did not seem to bridge the gap between early pollution exposure and later-life cognitive decline.</p>
<p>Socioeconomic factors also played a major mediating role in the study. Individuals exposed to indoor air pollution as children often completed less education and earned lower incomes as adults. These social and economic disadvantages are known to limit intellectual stimulation and access to healthcare, which tends to speed up cognitive aging. Meanwhile, psychological factors, such as experiencing symptoms of depression, did not show a significant linking effect in this specific analysis.</p>
<p>“We were somewhat surprised by the persistence of the association even after accounting for socioeconomic factors and other childhood conditions,” Zong told PsyPost. “Biological mediators such as BMI and limitations in daily living activities significantly mediated this association.”</p>
<p>“Our analysis also revealed indirect effects through adult education and income, highlighting the role of socioeconomic pathways. Children exposed to indoor air pollution may follow a disadvantaged life trajectory, limiting educational attainment and economic mobility, which in turn is associated with faster cognitive aging and higher risk of cognitive decline.”</p>
<p>Zong also looked at how different groups of people responded to the long-term effects of childhood pollution. The results showed that men, people who had a history of smoking, and people who regularly consumed alcohol were particularly vulnerable. These groups experienced a more pronounced drop in cognitive performance if they had been exposed to indoor air pollution early in life. Zong suggests this might be due to a combination of lifestyle choices and early environmental insults, which together create a heavier burden on the body over time.</p>
<p>“Our findings suggest that early-life indoor air quality matters for cognitive development and lifelong cognitive health,” Zong explained. “Improving access to clean energy (such as electricity and natural gas) in homes could help prevent cognitive decline from the very beginning.”</p>
<p>“While the effects are modest at the individual level, they are meaningful at the population level and highlight the importance of environmental interventions in childhood. Considering that nearly 30% of the global population, roughly 2.4 billion people, still cook without clean fuels, this issue is relevant not only in low- and middle-income countries but also in some populations in high-income countries, where the use of solid fuels has increased due to higher energy prices following the Ukraine war.”</p>
<p>It is important to recognize that this study is observational, meaning it shows associations but cannot prove strict cause and effect. One limitation is that participants had to recall the type of fuel their families used decades ago, which leaves room for memory errors. This is especially true when studying older adults who might already be experiencing some memory loss.</p>
<p>Additionally, because the vast majority of the older adults in this sample used solid fuels, the group of unexposed individuals was relatively small. Although this small group represents millions of people in the general population, the imbalance makes statistical comparisons more challenging. Because the study focused on older adults in China, the results might not perfectly apply to younger generations or people living in other countries.</p>
<p>Zong plans to use data tracked over longer periods of time to better understand the exact causal relationships. Future research will also test whether these findings hold true in different global populations. By studying how early environments shape lifelong health, scientists hope to find new ways to protect aging brains from the very beginning.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118662" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The long arm of childhood: The association between early-life indoor air pollution exposure and cognitive performance in later life</a>,” was authored by Xu Zong.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/your-relationship-dynamic-plays-a-bigger-role-in-jealousy-than-your-personality-new-study-shows/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Your relationship dynamic plays a bigger role in jealousy than your personality, new study shows</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Mar 1st 2026, 10:00</div>
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<p><p>A new study published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.70051" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Personal Relationships</a></em> suggests that a person’s level of relationship jealousy remains fairly steady over time with a specific partner, but can shift significantly when they enter a new relationship. The research provides evidence that intrusive suspicions about a partner’s faithfulness are driven by a combination of individual personality traits and the unique dynamics of each romantic bond. This helps clarify whether people are naturally jealous or if they are simply reacting to their specific environment.</p>
<p>Romantic jealousy is a common emotion rooted in the fear of losing a partner, but it can sometimes grow into an overwhelming preoccupation. Scientists distinguish between different types of jealousy, noting that some forms are much more harmful to a relationship than others. For example, emotional jealousy is a quick reaction to an immediate threat, like seeing a partner flirt with someone else at a party.</p>
<p>In contrast, cognitive jealousy involves persistent, intrusive thoughts and suspicions about a partner cheating, often occurring without any concrete evidence. While scientists know that this type of jealousy is linked to lower self-esteem and relationship distress, less is understood about how it operates over the lifespan of a partnership. The researchers designed their new study to determine whether cognitive jealousy acts as a permanent personality trait or a flexible reaction to different romantic partners.</p>
<p>“As a couples therapist and researcher, I often see how distressing cognitive jealousy (i.e., persistent thoughts or suspicions about a partner’s infidelity) can be,” said study author <a href="https://www.gvsu.edu/psychology/wildey-mikhila-236.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mikhila Wildey</a>, an associate professor of psychology at Grand Valley State University and owner of <a href="https://www.resilientrelationshipsgr.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Resilient Relationships</a>.</p>
<p>“Much of the existing research has treated it like a stable personality trait that doesn’t really change. I wanted to test that assumption. Is jealousy something that people simple ‘carry’ from relationship to relationship, or does it depend on the partner and context? In addition, does jealousy change over time within a particular relationship?”</p>
<p>To answer these questions, the scientists analyzed data from a large longitudinal study of romantic relationship development. The sample included 891 young, unmarried adults between the ages of 18 and 34. These participants were tracked over a period of five years, completing detailed surveys every four to six months.</p>
<p>Because some participants changed partners during the study, the researchers were able to track a total of 1507 distinct romantic relationships. About 42 percent of the participants reported being in more than one relationship over the five-year period. This unique data structure allowed the scientists to observe how jealousy shifted when an individual transitioned from one partner to another.</p>
<p>In these surveys, participants answered questions to measure their cognitive jealousy. This measurement assessed their beliefs and suspicions about their partner being interested in or intimate with someone else. The researchers also measured neuroticism, which is a personality trait characterized by emotional instability and a tendency to experience negative emotions.</p>
<p>Additionally, they assessed attachment anxiety, which refers to a person’s deep-seated fear of abandonment and intense need for reassurance in relationships. Finally, the surveys asked whether the participants or their partners had engaged in sexual relations with someone else since they began dating. This allowed the scientists to see how actual incidents of infidelity impacted jealous thoughts.</p>
<p>The data revealed that cognitive jealousy does not tend to fade or escalate as a single relationship progresses. Instead, within any given relationship, a person’s level of cognitive jealousy stays remarkably consistent over time.</p>
<p>“I was surprised that cognitive jealousy didn’t systematically change over time within relationships,” Wildey told PsyPost. “Even across five years, people’s baseline levels tended to remain steady. This finding challenges the common belief that jealousy naturally fades, or escalates, the longer you’re together. With that said, our sample consists of relatively young adults for five years, so it’s possible that in longer-lasting relationships or later life stages, different patterns might emerge.”</p>
<p>However, Wildey and her colleagues noticed significant fluctuations when looking at the broader picture of multiple relationships. They found that 28.2 percent of the variation in cognitive jealousy was tied to the individual person. This means some people naturally experience more jealous thoughts regardless of who they are dating. At the same time, the largest portion of the variation, making up 39.8 percent, was due to differences between relationships.</p>
<p>“Practically, this means jealousy isn’t just a ‘you problem,'” Wildey said. “It reflects both your personality and what’s happening in that specific relationship. The most effective interventions to address cognitive jealousy therefore likely need to address both.”</p>
<p>The researchers also identified several specific factors that predict higher levels of cognitive jealousy. Individuals who scored high in neuroticism and attachment anxiety tended to report more jealous thoughts. This aligns with the idea that people who struggle with emotional stability or fear of rejection are more prone to relationship suspicions.</p>
<p>Experiences with infidelity also played a massive role in shaping these suspicions. Participants who knew their partner had cheated early in the relationship reported much higher levels of cognitive jealousy. The knowledge of a past betrayal seems to keep individuals on high alert, sustaining their suspicions over a long period.</p>
<p>The data showed that a person’s own past behavior influenced their thoughts about their partner as well. Individuals who admitted to engaging in sexual relations outside their relationship also experienced greater cognitive jealousy. The researchers also noted that men, on average, reported slightly higher initial levels of cognitive jealousy than women.</p>
<p>“Within a given relationship, people’s levels of cognitive jealousy stayed fairly stable over time,” Wildey summarized. “The biggest differences in cognitive jealousy emerged between different relationships, meaning someone may experience greater jealousy with one partner than another. At the same time, some individuals consistently reported higher levels of cognitive jealousy than others, regardless of the relationship.”</p>
<p>A potential misinterpretation of these findings is the assumption that because cognitive jealousy is stable over time, it is a permanent condition.</p>
<p>“Although average levels stay steady within relationships, there are differences in cognitive jealousy between different partners, and cognitive jealousy was linked to factors like attachment anxiety and experiences with infidelity,” Wildey told PsyPost. “In other words, both personal tendencies and relationship context shape jealousy, and consequently, growth and intervention are still very much possible.”</p>
<p>The study does have some limitations, including the fact that the data was collected between 2007 and 2012. The sample primarily consisted of mixed-gender couples, and dating norms have evolved since the data was gathered. For example, the modern use of online dating applications might introduce new triggers for cognitive jealousy that were not captured in this older dataset.</p>
<p>“I’d like to see whether these patterns hold in more diverse samples, like same-sex couples and consensually non-monogamous relationships,” Wildey said. “I’m also interested in identifying the specific relationship dynamics (like communication or trust repair after infidelity) that may explain why jealousy differs from one partner to the next.”</p>
<p>“This study is the first to track cognitive jealousy across multiple relationships within the same individuals over time. That allowed us to move beyond asking ‘Are jealous people just jealous?’ and instead ask more nuanced questions like “How much jealousy lives in the person, and how much lives in the relationship?” and ‘Does jealousy change over time within a relationship?'”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.70051" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wired for Cognitive Jealousy? Unveiling the Stability Within and Fluctuations Between Relationships</a>,” was authored by Mikhila N. Wildey, Kayla Knopp, Scott M. Stanley, and Galena K. Rhoades.</p></p>
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<p><strong>Forwarded by:<br />
Michael Reeder LCPC<br />
Baltimore, MD</strong></p>
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