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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/action-video-gamers-have-enhanced-functional-and-structural-connectivity-in-the-dorsal-visual-stream/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Action video gamers have enhanced functional and structural connectivity in the dorsal visual stream</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Apr 7th 2025, 10:00</div>
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<p><p>A neuroimaging study of action video game players revealed that these individuals tend to have enhanced functional and structural connectivity in the dorsal visual stream of the brain. More specifically, they exhibited heightened functional connectivity between the left superior occipital gyrus and the left superior parietal lobule. The research was published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121206"><em>Brain Sciences</em></a>.</p>
<p>The human brain has two distinct pathways for processing visual information: the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal stream, often referred to as the “where” pathway, originates in the primary visual cortex and extends toward the parietal lobe. It is primarily involved in processing the spatial location and movement of objects, helping to guide movements in relation to those objects.</p>
<p>In contrast, the ventral stream—known as the “what” pathway—extends from the primary visual cortex to the temporal lobe. This pathway is essential for recognizing and identifying objects, including their details and colors. Together, the dorsal and ventral streams enable the brain to integrate visual information into coherent perceptions and facilitate effective interaction with the environment by combining recognition and spatial awareness.</p>
<p>Study author Kyle Cahill and his colleagues hypothesized that action video game players might exhibit enhanced functional and structural connectivity within these visual streams. They reasoned that action video games often involve intensive spatial exploration, navigation, and rapid timing coordination. As a result, prolonged gameplay might lead to brain adaptations in the form of increased connectivity.</p>
<p>The study included 28 gamers and 19 non-gamers. Among them, 4 gamers and 12 non-gamers were female. Participants’ average age ranged from 20 to 21 years. On average, gamers played action video games for five or more hours per week. The researchers focused on four types of action video games: First-Person Shooter (FPS), Real-Time Strategy (RTS), Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA), and Battle Royale (BR). Non-gamers averaged less than 30 minutes of gameplay per week across any type of video game over the previous two years.</p>
<p>All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which focused on brain regions comprising the dorsal and ventral visual streams. The researchers used specialized software (DSI Studio 2022.08.0) to analyze structural connectivity between brain areas and to map components of both visual processing pathways.</p>
<p>The results showed that action video gamers exhibited enhanced functional and structural connectivity in the regions under study, particularly within the dorsal visual stream. More specifically, functional connectivity was increased between the left superior occipital gyrus and the left superior parietal lobule during a moving-dot discrimination decision-making task—a test in which participants must determine the overall direction of motion in a field of moving dots. Gamers with heightened connectivity in this region tended to have faster response times. Structural connectivity in the dorsal stream was also greater in gamers compared to non-gamers.</p>
<p>In the brain, structural connectivity refers to the physical network of fibers—primarily axons—that link different regions, forming a stable anatomical framework. Functional connectivity, in contrast, reflects how different brain regions interact over time, even if they are not directly connected through physical structures.</p>
<p>“These connectivity changes in the dorsal visual stream underpin the superior performance of action video gamers compared to nongamers in tasks requiring rapid and accurate vision-based decision-making,” the study authors concluded.</p>
<p>These finding provide valuable insights into how action video gaming may induce improvements in structural and functional connectivity between brain regions in visual processing pathways. However, it should be noted that the design of the study does not allow any causal inferences to be derived from the results. While it is possible that gaming induces the observed improvements in connectivity, it is also possible that people with better connectivity in these areas are the ones who become action gamers as their brain anatomy allows them to perform better than other people in such games.</p>
<p>The paper, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121206">Connectivity in the Dorsal Visual Stream Is Enhanced in Action Video Game Players,</a>” was authored by Kyle Cahill, Timothy Jordan, and Mukesh Dhamala.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/many-young-people-think-sexual-choking-is-safe-research-shows-its-not/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Many young people think sexual choking is safe — research shows it’s not</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Apr 7th 2025, 08:00</div>
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<p><p>Around <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-024-02937-y">50% of Australian young people</a> have engaged in choking, or strangulation, during sex. This practice involves one person putting pressure on the neck of another, restricting breathing or blood flow (or both).</p>
<p>Strangulation during sex carries <a href="https://theconversation.com/more-than-half-of-australian-young-people-are-using-strangulation-during-sex-new-research-231269">a variety of risks</a>. These range from effects such as bruising and vomiting to <a href="https://www.psypost.org/frequent-choking-during-sex-linked-to-abnormal-neural-activation-patterns-in-several-brain-regions/">brain</a><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.881678/full"> injury</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-021-02674-0">death</a>.</p>
<p>Although rare, strangulation is the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-021-02674-0">leading cause of death</a> in consensual BDSM play.</p>
<p>There’s no evidence there is any safe way to undertake strangulation. Notably, strangulation can cause injury <a href="https://www.healthed.com.au/clinical_articles/non-fatal-strangulation-detection-and-management/">without leaving any marks</a> and sometimes negative consequences don’t develop until well <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1742-6723.13243">after the choking episode</a>.</p>
<p>In <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03097-3">a new study</a>, we’ve found part of the reason why strangulation during sex is so common may be because many people mistakenly believe that, while risky, it can be made safe through moderating pressure and appropriate communication.</p>
<p>But stopping blood flow to the brain <a href="https://www.allianceforhope.com/easy-as-pulling-a-trigger-anchorage-da-spreads-awareness-about-strangulation/">can take less pressure</a> than opening a can of soft drink. And research shows strangulation can result in serious harms even <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.881678/full">when it’s consensual</a>.</p>
<h2>Surveying young Australians</h2>
<p>In 2023, <a href="https://theconversation.com/more-than-half-of-australian-young-people-are-using-strangulation-during-sex-new-research-231269">we surveyed</a> a representative sample of 4,702 Australians aged between 18 and 35 about their experiences and opinions of strangulation during sex.</p>
<p>In 2024, we published <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-024-02937-y">a study</a> about the prevalence of sexual strangulation based on the results of this survey. We found 57% of participants reported they had been strangled during sex, and 51% had strangled a partner.</p>
<p>At the end of the survey, we asked respondents:</p>
<blockquote><p>What are your thoughts or insights regarding choking during sex?</p></blockquote>
<p>For this <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03097-3">new study</a>, we wanted to understand perceptions around sexual strangulation. More than 1,500 participants commented on issues related to safety in their responses, and we analysed these.</p>
<h2>Many mistakenly believed choking could be safe</h2>
<p>It was concerning to us that many of the respondents seemed to believe sexual strangulation can be done safely. Most commonly, participants perceived it to be safe when done with a low level of pressure applied to the sides of the neck.</p>
<p>One participant, a 31-year-old straight man, said:</p>
<blockquote><p>My partner likes a firm hand on the throat but more so not choking off the windpipe, but lightly restricting the blood flow when she can feel an orgasm building up.</p></blockquote>
<p>A 24-year-old straight woman commented:</p>
<blockquote><p>I think there should be a conversation before hand about how hard and how much pressure.</p></blockquote>
<p>Some respondents suggested it was safe to hinder blood flow, rather than oxygen flow. However, restricting blood flow to the brain can also have <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545238/">serious health implications</a>.</p>
<p>While not all pressure on the neck will be fatal, research shows even relatively low pressure can cause <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429188947-28/autoerotic-asphyxiation-lisa-shields-john-hunsaker">death by strangulation</a>.</p>
<p>Also, if the person using strangulation or being strangled has used alcohol and other drugs, differences in pressure may be more difficult to discern, increasing the risks for the person being strangled.</p>
<h2>Communication and consent</h2>
<p>Participants also linked safety – whether emotional or physical – to consenting to sexual strangulation. As a 32-year-old straight woman wrote:</p>
<blockquote><p>If between two consensual adults who have discussed it prior with a safety plan in place then I do not see any harm in the act however I have been subjected to non consensual choking in a previous sexual encounter which left me angry and scared.</p></blockquote>
<p>A 23-year-old bisexual woman said:</p>
<blockquote><p>As long as both parties agree to it and the amount of pressure, it can be an enjoyable experience. Consent must be given.</p></blockquote>
<p>In general, consent was seen as an ongoing process, where it could be withdrawn at any point. A 32-year-old straight man said:</p>
<blockquote><p>Should be strictly base on consensus, be aware of your partner body language and breathing and ask them whether they want to continue the activity or not if they say no respect it and back off.</p></blockquote>
<p>However, research has found a person being strangled may not be able to withdraw their consent using gestures or words, <a href="https://litfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Rossen-1943-Acute-Arrest-of-Cerebral-Circulation-in-Man.pdf">despite wanting to</a>.</p>
<p>Several participants did comment on the limitations of consent as a harm-reduction mechanism, acknowledging that even where it was consensual, strangulation during sex could cause damage.</p>
<p>Worryingly, several respondents expressed concern that consent was often overlooked, intentionally or accidentally. A 35-year-old straight woman said:</p>
<blockquote><p>The amount of men who just initiate it without asking the woman is scary and they feel entitled to do so.</p></blockquote>
<p>Some respondents – usually women, but not always – identified pressure to engage in strangulation (both to be strangled and to strangle their partner). A 24-year-old straight man said:</p>
<blockquote><p>I get scared to do it but my partner kinda makes me feel like i have to sometimes.</p></blockquote>
<h2>A need for better education</h2>
<p>Studies from other countries such as the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02049-x">United States</a> have also shown a misunderstanding of the potential dangers of sexual strangulation, and a false perception that it can be safe if undertaken with the “proper precautions”.</p>
<p>Previous research has shown young people <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-024-02937-y">commonly learn</a> about sexual strangulation through online pornography, social media and each other. Information from these sources is <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02502-5">often misleading</a>.</p>
<p>While consent is a crucial part of any sexual activity, it doesn’t make strangulation safe. Neither does relying on regulating the pressure applied.</p>
<p>It was positive to see many respondents in our survey identified a desire for more information about sexual strangulation. Accurate information <a href="https://www.itleftnomarks.com.au/an-evidence-brief/">about the risks</a> associated with sexual strangulation should be easily available both online and through public health campaigns.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding="async" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/248867/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
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<p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/choking-during-sex-many-young-people-mistakenly-believe-it-can-be-done-safely-our-study-shows-248867">original article</a>.</em></p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/study-links-cannabis-and-synthetic-cannabinoid-use-to-poorer-male-sexual-function/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">Study links cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid use to poorer male sexual function</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Apr 7th 2025, 06:00</div>
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<p><p>Men who regularly use cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids report significantly lower sexual satisfaction, desire, and erectile function compared to non-users, according to a new study published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174241230886"><em>The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine</em></a>. The research, conducted by a team at Cairo University, found that men dependent on these substances not only experienced poorer sexual function overall, but also struggled with sexual esteem and elevated sexual-related depression. Synthetic cannabinoid users, in particular, showed the most severe sexual impairments.</p>
<p>Cannabis refers to the psychoactive preparations made from the Cannabis sativa plant, which contain a compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. THC is known to alter perception, reduce inhibition, and affect hormone levels—factors that can influence sexual experience both positively and negatively. While some users report heightened sexual pleasure and arousal, especially with low doses, others experience long-term effects such as decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, or reduced satisfaction. Scientific studies over the years have offered conflicting evidence, making it unclear whether cannabis helps or harms sexual health.</p>
<p>Synthetic cannabinoids are man-made chemicals that mimic the effects of THC by activating the same receptors in the brain and body. These substances are often sold under names like “Spice,” “Strox,” or “Voodoo” and are typically sprayed onto dried plant material and smoked. Unlike natural cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids are complete agonists of cannabinoid receptors, meaning they bind more strongly and produce more intense and unpredictable effects. They can be significantly more potent, which may increase their potential for harm.</p>
<p>The motivation for this study arose from a lack of clear evidence regarding how both natural and synthetic cannabinoids affect male sexual health. While some earlier studies explored cannabis use and sexual behavior, the findings were inconsistent, and very few had focused on synthetic cannabinoids specifically. Given the increasing use of these substances in Egypt and the widespread belief among users that cannabis can enhance sexual performance, the researchers wanted to investigate whether this belief held up in reality.</p>
<p>To conduct the study, the researchers recruited 90 sexually active Egyptian men between the ages of 21 and 45. They divided them into three matched groups: one group of men who were dependent on cannabis, another dependent on synthetic cannabinoids, and a third group of non-users who served as controls. Each group had 30 participants. All patients were recruited from Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital’s outpatient addiction clinic between August 2021 and July 2022. Individuals with psychiatric illnesses, medical conditions, or other drug use were excluded from the sample to isolate the effects of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids.</p>
<p>Participants were evaluated through lengthy, structured interviews conducted by trained psychiatrists. The interviews covered personal history, substance use patterns, and sexual functioning both before and after substance use began. The researchers used several standardized tools to assess sexual performance and related psychological traits, including the International Index of Erectile Function—a questionnaire measuring aspects like erectile quality, orgasm, sexual desire, and satisfaction—and the Sexuality Scale, which evaluates sexual self-esteem, sexual preoccupation, and sexual depression.</p>
<p>The findings showed a clear and consistent pattern: both cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid users scored lower than the control group across almost every domain of sexual functioning. Men who used synthetic cannabinoids had the most severe impairments. Compared to the control group, they reported poorer erections, lower sexual desire, reduced orgasmic satisfaction, and greater dissatisfaction with their sexual experiences. They also scored higher on measures of sexual depression and lower on sexual esteem. In fact, men in the synthetic cannabinoid group had worse scores than cannabis users in nearly every category.</p>
<p>The study also revealed that the longer a man had used these substances—and the higher the daily or maximum dose—the worse his sexual outcomes were likely to be. In both cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid users, higher use levels were associated with poorer sexual performance, greater sexual-related distress, and lower confidence about their sexual lives. These patterns held true even after adjusting for other factors, suggesting a strong link between substance use and sexual dysfunction.</p>
<p>Interestingly, about 23 percent of cannabis users in the study said they first started using cannabis to address sexual problems like low desire or premature ejaculation. This group hoped cannabis would improve their sex lives, but the data suggests that, over time, the drug may have worsened the very issues they aimed to solve. Synthetic cannabinoid users, in contrast, did not report initiating use for sexual reasons. Regardless of the reason for starting, both groups ended up with poorer sexual health outcomes than the non-users.</p>
<p>The researchers pointed out several possible explanations for these results. Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids act on receptors in the brain and body that are involved in sexual behavior and arousal. Synthetic cannabinoids in particular are much more potent than natural cannabis and bind more aggressively to these receptors, which may explain their more damaging effects. In addition, chronic use of these substances has been linked to lower testosterone levels, vascular problems, and disruptions in brain regions that regulate sexual function.</p>
<p>But the authors noted a few limitations. The study was conducted at a single hospital and used a relatively small sample size. Cultural attitudes about sexuality and substance use in Egypt may also limit how widely the results can be applied. Moreover, synthetic cannabinoids vary widely in their chemical structure and potency, and the study did not explore differences between specific types. Larger studies across multiple sites would be helpful in confirming the results and identifying possible variations based on substance type or usage patterns.</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174241230886">Psychosexual dysfunction in male patients with cannabis dependence and synthetic cannabinoid dependence</a>,” was authored by Abdelrahman A. Asal, Doaa R. Ayoub, Mohamed E. Mazen, and Shirin M. El Makawi.</p></p>
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<td><a href="https://www.psypost.org/new-psychology-research-links-gratitude-development-to-lower-adolescent-depression/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">New psychology research links gratitude development to lower adolescent depression</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Apr 6th 2025, 12:00</div>
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<p><p>A new study published in <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2025.2469513" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Journal of Positive Psychology</a></em> suggests that adolescents who become more grateful over time are less likely to experience depression—especially when their gratitude boosts their self-esteem. The research tracked hundreds of middle school students in China and found that distinct patterns in how gratitude developed over time were closely linked with levels of depression.</p>
<p>The researchers set out to explore a key question: How do changes in gratitude during middle school affect a young person’s mental health? While many previous studies have shown that gratitude and depression are related, most of that work relied on snapshots taken at a single point in time.</p>
<p>Few studies have looked at how gratitude changes during adolescence—a period of life marked by emotional growth, academic pressure, and social challenges. Even fewer have examined how self-esteem might influence the connection between gratitude and depression over time. The new study aimed to fill that gap by following students across three points over two years, beginning in eighth grade and ending in ninth grade.</p>
<p>“As researchers in psychology, we were inspired to explore factors that could affect adolescent mental health,” said study author <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Liuyue-Huang" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Liuyue Huang</a>, a researcher affiliated with the Department of Psychology and the Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, at the University of Macau</p>
<p>“The emergence of positive psychology offered a valuable perspective, shifting the focus from merely treating mental illness to fostering strengths like gratitude. We saw gratitude as a promising, modifiable factor to enhance well-being and resilience during the critical developmental stage of adolescence.”</p>
<p>For their study, supervised by Professor Peilian Chi, the researchers recruited 660 students from two middle schools in Guangzhou, China. Participants were around 13 years old at the start of the study. Of the original group, 564 students completed all three waves of data collection. At each point, students completed well-established questionnaires measuring their levels of gratitude, self-esteem, and depression.</p>
<p>Gratitude was measured using a six-item scale that asked students how often they felt thankful for people and experiences in their lives. Self-esteem was assessed with the widely used Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and depression symptoms were evaluated using a brief version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The researchers also collected information on students’ gender, age, and overall life satisfaction to account for these influences in their analysis.</p>
<p>Using a statistical method designed to identify patterns of change over time, the researchers uncovered four distinct “trajectories” of gratitude. These groups differed both in the starting levels of gratitude and in how gratitude changed over the two-year span.</p>
<p>The largest group (about 36 percent of participants) showed consistently low gratitude levels across all time points and was labeled the “low-gratitude-persistence” group. A second group, making up nearly 30 percent of students, started with high gratitude and continued to increase slightly over time—these students belonged to the “high-gratitude-increasing” group.</p>
<p>Another group, comprising about 24 percent, started with high gratitude but showed a decline, labeled the “high-gratitude-declined” group. The final group, about 11 percent of participants, began with low gratitude but improved significantly by the end of the study—this was the “low-gratitude-improving” group.</p>
<p>The researchers then looked at how these patterns related to depression in the final year of middle school. They found that students in the two increasing-gratitude groups—both those who started high and increased, and those who started low but improved—reported significantly lower depression scores than students in the low-gratitude-persistence group.</p>
<p>In contrast, students whose gratitude declined over time did not differ in depression levels from those with persistently low gratitude. This suggests that both the level and the direction of change in gratitude matter for adolescent mental health. Merely starting out with high gratitude did not protect students from depression if their gratitude declined during this critical period.</p>
<p>“We were surprised that the ‘High-gratitude-declined’ group—those who started with high gratitude but saw it drop—didn’t show a lower risk of depression compared to the consistently low-gratitude group,” Huang told PsyPost. “This suggests that maintaining high or increasing gratitude over time might be more critical for mental health than just having high gratitude at one point, highlighting the importance of sustained positive development rather than a fixed state.”</p>
<p>Self-esteem turned out to play a key role in these relationships. When researchers examined whether changes in self-esteem could explain the link between gratitude and depression, they found strong evidence that it did. Students whose gratitude improved—either from a high or low starting point—tended to show increases in self-esteem, which in turn predicted lower levels of depression.</p>
<p>In fact, once self-esteem was accounted for, the direct relationship between gratitude trajectory and depression disappeared, suggesting that gratitude protects against depression mainly by supporting adolescents’ self-worth.</p>
<p>“Our study shows that developing gratitude in adolescents can significantly lower the risk for depression, with self-esteem playing a key role in this process,” Huang explained. “For parents and educators, this means encouraging gratitude practices could be a practical and effective way to support adolescents’ mental health, especially during middle school years when emotional challenges often peak.”</p>
<p>These findings support what psychologists call the “broaden-and-build” theory, which suggests that positive emotions like gratitude help people build psychological resources that can buffer them against stress and negative feelings. In this case, the resource being built is self-esteem.</p>
<p>At the same time, the researchers acknowledge several limitations. All data came from self-report questionnaires, which can be influenced by how participants interpret the questions or how they want to present themselves. The study focused only on students from a specific region in China, so the findings may not apply to adolescents in other cultural or educational contexts. Additionally, the researchers only examined one possible mechanism—self-esteem—leaving open the possibility that other psychological or environmental factors may also influence how gratitude affects depression.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, the study’s strengths—including its relatively large sample size, repeated measurements, and attention to patterns over time—make it an important contribution to understanding adolescent well-being. Future research could expand by including more diverse populations, exploring other potential mediators such as social support or coping skills, and testing interventions that directly aim to boost gratitude and self-esteem.</p>
<p>“We’d like to note that gratitude is a dynamic resource that can be cultivated with practice, and its benefits ripple through self-esteem to improve mental health,” Huang said. “We encourage readers to try small gratitude exercises with the teens in their lives, like keeping a gratitude journal, and to see this as a proactive step toward building resilience in a world full of challenges.”</p>
<p>The study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2025.2469513" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sowing seeds of gratitude: the effect of the trajectories of Adolescents’ gratitude on depression and the mediating role of self-esteem</a>,” was authored by Liuyue Huang, Shan Zhao, Yixiao Shi, Liutong Ou, Hongfei Du, and Peilian Chi.</p></p>
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<p><strong>Forwarded by:<br />
Michael Reeder LCPC<br />
Baltimore, MD</strong></p>
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