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<td><span style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">NIH Director's Blog Daily Digest (Unofficial)</span></td>
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<td><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/12/20/2024-science-highlights-from-the-nih-directors-blog/" style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing:-1px;margin:0;padding:0 0 2px;font-weight: bold;font-size: 19px;line-height: 20px;color:#222;">2024 Science Highlights from the NIH Director’s Blog</a>
<div style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:left;color:#999;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:15px;">Dec 20th 2024, 12:00</div>
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<p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-26770" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-science-stories.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></figure>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em>Credit: Donny Bliss/NIH</em></p>
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<p><em>This year on the NIH Director’s Blog, we covered a wide range of NIH-supported research from across our institutes and centers. We explored exciting new findings that came from clinical trials and basic research, introduced us to promising new technologies, gave us insights into everything from our genetic makeups to our brain function to our immunity, and have important implications for future advances in disease prevention and treatment. While it would be difficult to sum up all we covered, here are some highlights of research findings reported in 2024.</em></p>
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<div class="wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/05/30/most-detailed-3d-reconstruction-of-human-brain-tissue-ever-produced-yields-surprising-insights/"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-1024x576.jpg" alt="A field of neurons rendered in bands of color" class="wp-image-25964 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/feature-image.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/05/30/most-detailed-3d-reconstruction-of-human-brain-tissue-ever-produced-yields-surprising-insights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Most Detailed 3D Reconstruction of Human Brain Tissue Ever Produced Yields Surprising Insights</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong><em>Published </em>May 30, 2024</strong></em></p>
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<p>Findings published in numerous journals this year helped us learn more about the human brain. In one fascinating example, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk4858" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>, and supported by the NIH <a href="https://braininitiative.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies</em>® (BRAIN) Initiative</a>, a research team reported the creation of the most detailed nanoscale resolution map ever produced of a cubic millimeter of brain tissue, about the size of half a grain of rice. To capture the immense number of cells, blood vessels, and neural connections in the sample in vivid detail, the researchers sliced the tissue into 5,000 thin layers and used electron microscopy to amass 1,400 terabytes of imaging data. They then used artificial intelligence (AI) models to create a 3D reconstruction of the tissue. The map they created revealed multiple brain structures that have never been seen before and has the potential to help us better understand both normal and disordered brain function. </p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: the unveiling of the <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/10/24/complete-fruit-fly-brain-connectome-advances-understanding-of-essential-brain-functions-in-health-and-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first complete connectome of the fruit fly brain</a>, the <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/07/25/epigenetic-editor-silences-toxic-proteins-in-the-mouse-brain-offering-promising-path-to-treat-deadly-prion-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silencing of a toxic protein in the brain</a> using an epigenetic editor which offers a potential path to treating prion diseases, and the introduction of a <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/06/06/study-suggests-computerized-brain-implant-could-one-day-decode-internal-speech-for-those-who-can-no-longer-speak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computerized brain implant</a> that can decode internal speech.</em></p>
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<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/09/12/energy-producing-enzyme-fuels-the-brain-with-promise-for-treating-parkinsons-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Energy-Producing Enzyme Fuels the Brain with Promise for Treating Parkinson’s Disease</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong>Published September 12, 2024</strong></em></p>
</div><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/09/12/energy-producing-enzyme-fuels-the-brain-with-promise-for-treating-parkinsons-disease/"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-1024x576.jpg" alt='A glowing neuron in a field of dark neurons. A label reading "PGK" has an up arrow.' class="wp-image-26305 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/glowing-neuron-small.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure></div>
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<p>Studying the brain also helps researchers gain insights into what happens in brain-related diseases, an effort that could aid in prevention and treatment. This is evident in a study we covered from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn6016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Advances</em></a> identifying an energy-producing enzyme in the brain, that, when its activity is boosted, might potentially afford some protection against Parkinson’s disease. For the approximately one million Americans with Parkinson’s disease today, current treatments help to relieve symptoms but don’t stop the disease from progressing. These findings raise the possibility that drugs that enhance the activity of this enzyme may fuel the brain, helping to protect essential dopamine-producing neurons to treat or even prevent Parkinson’s disease, as well as other neurodegenerative conditions.</p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: findings showing that using treatments that use our immune systems to fight disease could <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/04/25/study-suggests-treatments-that-unleash-immune-cells-in-the-brain-could-help-combat-alzheimers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help clear the amyloid plaques</a> that build up in and worsen symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, and research that suggests that having <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/07/18/study-of-protective-gene-variant-provides-insight-into-delaying-onset-of-alzheimers-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">just one copy of a protective gene variant</a> may be enough to delay cognitive impairment in people genetically predisposed to developing early-onset Alzheimer’s.</em></p>
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<div class="wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/05/09/ai-tool-using-single-cell-data-has-promise-for-optimally-matching-cancer-drugs-to-patients/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-1024x576.jpg" alt="data flows around a central cancer cell" class="wp-image-25842 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cancer-cell-and-AI.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/05/09/ai-tool-using-single-cell-data-has-promise-for-optimally-matching-cancer-drugs-to-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI Tool Using Single-Cell Data Has Promise for Optimally Matching Cancer Drugs to Patients</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong>Published May 9, 2024</strong></em></p>
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<p>We covered many studies this year that utilized AI technology, and several of them specifically showed us ways that AI could be harnessed for use in cancer detection and diagnosis. In a proof-of-concept study reported in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637658/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Cancer</em></a><em>, </em>a research team developed an AI-driven tool that can predict a cancer’s treatment responses from bulk RNA data by zeroing in on what’s happening in single cells. The research team built AI models for 44 drugs approved by the FDA and found that the tool predicted the success of targeted treatments against cell lines with a high degree of accuracy. The researchers made the tool available to other scientists with the hope that this kind of research could one day help doctors more precisely match patients to their optimal cancer treatments. </p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: findings suggesting an AI tool can determine in 10 seconds <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/12/12/ai-system-has-potential-to-differentiate-brain-cancer-from-healthy-tissue-during-surgery-within-seconds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whether part of a cancerous brain tumor remains</a> during brain surgery for glioma, and a study demonstrating that a “ChatGPT-like” AI system can <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/10/03/ai-model-takes-new-approach-to-performing-diagnostic-tasks-in-multiple-cancer-types/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perform a wide range of cancer evaluation tasks</a> and outperforms current AI methods in tasks like cancer cell detection and tumor origin identification.</em></p>
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<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/02/15/study-offers-new-clues-to-why-most-people-with-autoimmune-diseases-are-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Study Offers New Clues to Why Most People with Autoimmune Diseases Are Women</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong>Published February 15, 2024</strong></em></p>
</div><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/02/15/study-offers-new-clues-to-why-most-people-with-autoimmune-diseases-are-women/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-1024x576.jpg" alt='Purple chromosomes fill the scene but a greyed-out chromosome locked up with chains labeled "Xist" is in the foreground. One of the Xist chains is covered with sharp thorns.' class="wp-image-25599 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Xist-locks-up-chromosome.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure></div>
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<p>Research findings often give us clues to answering long-held questions like this one: Why are most people with a chronic autoimmune condition—such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis—women? This study, in <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(24)00002-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell</em></a>, suggests this difference might be due to the fact that females have two X chromosomes while males have and X and a Y. More specifically, it has to do with molecules called Xist (pronounced “exist”), that are encoded on the X chromosome and transcribed into long non-coding stretches of RNA, only when there are two X chromosomes. This important discovery points to potential new ways to think about the causes for autoimmune conditions that affect millions of people around the world.</p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: findings that offer clues to why some people have <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/05/02/machine-learning-study-offers-clues-to-why-some-people-have-rheumatoid-arthritis-pain-without-inflammation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rheumatoid arthritis pain without inflammation</a>, and new insights into <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/03/28/immune-checkpoint-discovery-has-implications-for-treating-cancer-and-autoimmune-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how a key immune checkpoint works</a> that have implications for treating cancer and autoimmune diseases.</em></p>
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<div class="wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/06/13/insights-into-molecular-basis-of-ptsd-and-major-depression-could-one-day-aid-in-diagnosis-and-treatment/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-1024x576.jpg" alt="A man looks depressed. Behind him is a microscopic image of neurons" class="wp-image-26004 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Molecular-process-in-PTSD.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/06/13/insights-into-molecular-basis-of-ptsd-and-major-depression-could-one-day-aid-in-diagnosis-and-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insights into Molecular Basis of PTSD and Major Depression Could One Day Aid in Diagnosis and Treatment</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong>Published June 13, 2024</strong></em></p>
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<p>Researchers are also learning a great deal about the brain in relation to our mental health. In this study, reported in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh3707" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>, a research team used a comprehensive approach to examine multiple biological processes within the brain to learn more about the molecular basis of stress-induced mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The researchers identified important roles for known stress-related pathways in brain changes underlying these disorders and hope their findings could eventually shed light on why some people develop these stress-related anxiety disorders while others don’t.</p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: findings that suggest <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/12/05/study-suggests-new-experiences-can-refresh-memories-of-past-events-with-implications-for-understanding-ptsd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new experiences can refresh memories of past events</a> which helps our understanding of PTSD, and insights into the <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/08/15/mapping-psilocybins-brain-effects-to-explore-potential-for-treating-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain effects of psilocybin</a> that show the drug could possibly have potential for treating substance use and mental health disorders.</em></p>
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<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/10/31/many-people-with-long-covid-have-signs-of-persistent-sars-cov-2-proteins-new-findings-show/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Many People with Long COVID Have Signs of Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, New Findings Show</a></strong></p>
<p class="has-small-font-size"><em><strong>Published October 31, 2024</strong></em></p>
</div><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/10/31/many-people-with-long-covid-have-signs-of-persistent-sars-cov-2-proteins-new-findings-show/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-1024x576.jpg" alt="Distressed young woman in bed with transparent corona viruses" class="wp-image-26522 size-full" srcset="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-150x84.jpg 150w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2-180x100.jpg?crop=1 180w, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Long-Covid-girl-with-viruses-2.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure></div>
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<p>Researchers are working to understand the underlying reasons why people develop Long COVID, who is most likely to get it, and how best to treat and prevent it. A study supported by the NIH <a href="https://recovercovid.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative</a>, with findings reported in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1198743X24004324?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Clinical Microbiology and Infection</em></a>, found that people with Long COVID were twice as likely to have remnants consisting of SARS-CoV-2 protein in their blood as people with no lingering symptoms. These findings will lead to additional studies that will help us better understand what causes some people to be at higher risk for Long COVID.</p>
<p><em><strong>See also</strong>: research demonstrating that an antibiotic compound can <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/06/20/antibiotic-compound-kills-hard-to-treat-infectious-bacteria-while-sparing-healthy-bacteria-in-the-gut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">target hard-to-treat infectious bacteria</a> while sparing the gut microbiome in mice, and findings in <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2024/02/01/findings-in-tuberculosis-immunity-point-toward-new-approaches-to-treatment-and-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuberculosis immunity</a> that point toward new approaches for treatment and prevention.</em></p>
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<p><strong>Forwarded by:<br />
Michael Reeder LCPC<br />
Baltimore, MD</strong></p>
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