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(https://www.psypost.org/scientists-discover-a-fascinating-fact-about-the-brains-of-meditators/) Scientists discover a fascinating fact about the brain’s of meditators
Jan 5th 2025, 08:00

Researchers have found that mindfulness meditation practitioners exhibit distinct patterns of brain activity compared to non-meditators, even during rest. Using advanced electroencephalography (EEG) techniques, the study published in (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-024-02461-z) Mindfulness found that meditators demonstrated differences in brain wave activity across theta, alpha, and gamma frequency bands. These differences, seen in both the strength and distribution of brain activity, suggest that long-term meditation practice leads to enduring changes in neural processes, potentially underpinning the cognitive and emotional benefits associated with mindfulness.
Mindfulness meditation has grown in popularity as a tool for managing stress, improving emotional well-being, and enhancing cognitive function. . It involves maintaining focused, non-judgmental awareness of the present moment. While previous studies have linked mindfulness to various benefits, researchers are keen to understand the underlying neural mechanisms.
“We were interested in the topic because mindfulness meditation has been associated with improved mental health and cognitive performance, but the neurophysiological changes that enable those improvements are not fully characterized,” said study author Neil Bailey, a senior research fellow at the School of Medicine and Psychology at Australian National University.
“While research has shown that the brain activity of experienced meditators differs while they’re completing a cognitive task or while they are meditating, there wasn’t so much research testing whether their brain activity also differs while they are at rest. Additionally, most previous research looking at brain activity in meditators has used measures that aren’t sensitive to whether the differences between meditators and non-meditators is produced by differences in the amplitude of brain waves (rhythmic shifts in voltages detected by electroencephalography; EEG), or whether the differences might be due to brain activity that is not rhythmic (voltage shifts detected in EEG data that are less repetitive and wouldn’t be defined as ‘brain waves’).”
“Similarly, previous research has used measures that don’t distinguish between the amplitude of brain waves and how frequently the brain shows those brain waves,” Bailey explained. “Our aim was to more comprehensively characterise differences in brain activity in experienced meditators, by using measures that could differentiate between brain waves and non-wave activity, as well as measures that could differentiate between differences in the amplitude of brain waves and differences in how often brain waves are present in the EEG data. Finally, we also used measures that could tell us whether the differences might be specific to particular regions of the brain, or whether they might reflect overall differences across all brain regions (or both).”
For their study, the researchers recruited 92 participants, including 48 meditators with at least six months of consistent mindfulness practice and 44 non-meditators with minimal or no meditation experience. The groups were matched on demographic factors like age and gender to reduce potential confounding variables. To ensure mental health stability, participants were screened for neurological or psychiatric conditions and substance use.
The researchers used electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive method that measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. A 64-channel EEG cap captured neural oscillations while participants rested with their eyes open and closed. To ensure participants were in a natural resting state, they were instructed not to engage in meditation or deliberate mental control during the recording. This approach aimed to capture enduring “trait” changes in brain activity rather than temporary effects associated with active meditation.
EEG data were preprocessed to remove artifacts caused by eye movements, muscle activity, or other noise. The researchers applied advanced algorithms to isolate true oscillatory activity, focusing on four key frequency bands: theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (12–25 Hz), and gamma (>25 Hz). Importantly, they used a novel method to separate oscillatory activity from non-oscillatory background noise, ensuring that their findings reflected genuine differences in neural oscillations rather than unrelated factors.
The results showed significant differences between meditators and non-meditators in three of the four frequency bands studied: theta, alpha, and gamma. “These larger amplitudes are present when measured globally (across all brain regions), but also when we examined the distribution of these brain waves across the head,” Bailey told PsyPost.
Theta activity, associated with attention and working memory, was higher in meditators compared to non-meditators. This increase was most prominent in posterior brain regions, suggesting enhanced neural processes related to focus and information processing in experienced meditators.
For alpha activity, meditators displayed greater overall power as well as a distinctive distribution pattern. While non-meditators showed stronger alpha activity primarily in posterior regions, meditators exhibited higher alpha activity in frontal regions relative to the rest of the brain. This shift in distribution may reflect greater inhibitory control over irrelevant or distracting thoughts, a cognitive function often enhanced through mindfulness practice.
Gamma activity, linked to higher-order cognitive functions and neural integration, was also higher in meditators. The increase was particularly pronounced in frontal regions, indicating potential neuroplastic changes associated with prolonged meditation practice. Gamma waves are thought to play a role in attention and the integration of sensory information, suggesting that meditation might strengthen these capacities over time.
“Since these results were obtained while participants were simply resting (not performing any task), it is not obvious what cognitive processes these differences in brain activity reflect,” Bailey explained. “However, each of these brain waves have been associated with specific neural processes – theta brain waves have been associated with the direction of attention and selection of a specific thing to focus on when distractions are present, alpha brain waves have been associated with the engagement of top-down neural activity to inhibit brain regions that aren’t relevant to the task at hand, and gamma brain waves have been associated with energy intensive processing of sensory information as well as higher order cognitive functions and working memory. The fact that meditators show increased amplitude of each of these brain activities might suggest that they can engage these brain activities more strongly when needed, perhaps providing a potential mechanism underpinning the improved cognitive function associated with long-term practice of mindfulness meditation.”
Interestingly, the study found no significant differences in beta activity, associated with alertness and arousal, or in the 1/f slope, a measure of non-rhythmic brain activity reflecting the balance of neural excitation and inhibition. This suggests that the observed changes were specific to theta, alpha, and gamma frequencies and not indicative of a general increase in brain activity across all frequency bands.
“We were a bit surprised that there were no differences in the non-rhythmic measures of brain activity, as these measures have been associated with an altered excitation/inhibition balance within the brain, where some neural synapses form inhibitory connections while others form excitatory connections, and the strength of the overall number of each of these connection types determines a balance that is specific to each individual,” Bailey said. “This result suggests that meditation doesn’t alter the relative number or strength of excitatory or inhibitory connections, but perhaps alters the strength of connections between neuronal populations that determine the strength of theta, alpha and gamma brain waves.”
But the study, like all research, includes some caveats. Its cross-sectional design means it cannot establish causality—whether the observed brain differences were caused by meditation or whether individuals with these neural patterns are more inclined to practice mindfulness.
“It may be that individuals who are drawn to practicing mindfulness meditation already show these differences in neural activity,” Bailey noted. “However, many other longitudinal studies have shown that meditation does change brain activity, so it seems likely that the effects we detected are related to the meditation practice.”
Still, the findings contribute to a growing body of evidence linking mindfulness meditation with lasting changes in brain function. By identifying specific alterations in theta, alpha, and gamma oscillations, the study provides insight into the potential neural mechanisms behind the cognitive and emotional benefits of mindfulness.
“We are interested in understanding how meditation changes the brain to provide mental health benefits,” Bailey said. “This understanding could be used to improve our understanding of the brain more generally, or our results might be translated to help develop more effective treatments for mental illnesses.”
“We have used the same dataset (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598110v1) to examine how brain waves travel through the cortex,” he added. “This study showed that meditators produce stronger forwards travelling waves, which are associated with the processing of sensory information. They also show weaker backwards travelling waves, but only while resting (they show the same backwards wave strength when performing a cognitive task that requires the top-down direction of attention).”
“Backwards travelling waves are associated with predictions about sensory experience, as well as thoughts about the past and future. This may indicate that meditators place increased emphasis on being aware of their sensations, and do not project their thoughts into the past or future as much while just resting with their eyes closed. These results are aligned with the practice of meditation, and may provide a mechanism underlying the reduction in rumination that is suggested as one of the causal factors by which meditation can improve mental health.”
The study, “(https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02461-z) The Mindful Brain at Rest: Neural Oscillations and Aperiodic Activity in Experienced Meditators,” was authored by Brittany McQueen, Oscar W. Murphy, Paul B. Fitzgerald, and Neil W. Bailey.

(https://www.psypost.org/donald-trumps-tweets-predicted-bursts-of-violence-during-january-6-capitol-riot-study-finds/) Donald Trump’s tweets predicted bursts of violence during January 6 Capitol riot, study finds
Jan 5th 2025, 06:00

A recent study published in the (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0314) Journal of The Royal Society Interface sheds light on the connection between social media activity and the escalation of violence during the U.S. Capitol riot on January 6, 2021. By analyzing thousands of live video recordings, tweets from former President Donald Trump, #StopTheSteal tweets, and rally speeches, scientists identified a strong statistical relationship between Trump’s online rhetoric and the severity and duration of violent acts during the insurrection. The study illustrates how an authority figure’s online behavior can incite violent actions among followers, demonstrating the real-world consequences of digital communication during a politically charged event.
The “Stop the Steal” movement emerged in the aftermath of the 2020 United States presidential election, fueled by false claims that the election was rigged against former President Donald Trump. These unsubstantiated allegations centered on accusations of widespread voter fraud, ballot tampering, and other irregularities, despite repeated court rulings and investigations finding no evidence to support such claims.
Social media became a significant platform for spreading these narratives, with hashtags like #StopTheSteal gaining traction as Trump and his allies encouraged their supporters to reject the election results. This rhetoric culminated in a call for action to prevent the certification of the Electoral College vote on January 6, 2021.
The January 6 Capitol riot was a direct consequence of these efforts. Thousands of Trump supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., for the “Save America” rally, where they listened to speeches from Trump and other prominent figures urging them to “fight like hell” to save the country. Following the rally, the crowd marched to the Capitol, where they breached security barriers, vandalized property, and engaged in violent confrontations with law enforcement.
The riot interrupted Congress’s session to certify Joe Biden’s electoral victory and resulted in several deaths, over 140 injuries to police officers, and extensive damage to the Capitol. It marked one of the most significant attacks on the seat of American democracy in recent history.
The motivation for studying these events stems from the unprecedented nature of a sitting president’s role in inciting violence through social media and public rhetoric. The researchers aimed to explore the mechanisms by which online communication from a leader could influence real-world behaviors, particularly in the context of collective violence.
“The January 6 insurrection was a uniquely violent and historic moment in U.S. history that continues to reshape the judiciary, expand presidential power, limit voting rights, and weaken democracy,” said study author Brian Uzzi, The Richard L. Thomson Professor of Leadership at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.
“A key feature of this insurrection, and modern violent protests more generally, is the leader’s use of social media to communicate to his followers during the insurrection. We wanted to understand how a leader’s social media communications are associated with peaceful protests turning violent.”
The researchers began by examining all 16 tweets posted by Trump on January 6, as well as over 7,500 tweets tagged with #StopTheSteal. Using sentiment analysis tools, they quantified the emotional tone of these tweets, classifying them as positive, neutral, or negative. This analysis helped determine how the tone and timing of these tweets influenced the behavior of Trump’s followers both online and in person. The researchers also analyzed rally speeches, focusing on Trump’s address at the “Save America” rally and the crowd’s reactions, as measured by the length and intensity of cheers during the speeches.
To study on-the-ground actions, the researchers used over 1,100 live-action videos from the Capitol, recorded by protesters, journalists, and bystanders. These videos, which documented events in real-time across various locations, were coded for instances of violence and weapon use. Research assistants trained in identifying violent acts and weaponry categorized the severity of incidents based on a standardized scale, with actions such as shoving, beating, and firearm use assigned different severity levels. The researchers binned these incidents into five-minute intervals, aligning them with the timing of tweets and rally speeches to analyze how online and offline events correlated.
Uzzi and his colleagues found that Trump’s rally speech played a pivotal role in transitioning the crowd from peaceful protest to violent insurrection. Crowd reactions during his speech, such as the intensity and duration of cheers, were closely linked to the timing of the first outbreaks of violence. This connection suggests that Trump’s rhetoric at the rally energized the crowd, laying the groundwork for subsequent aggression. No similar effects were observed for speeches by other rally speakers.
One of the study’s most striking findings was the predictive power of Trump’s tweets. The timing, frequency, and emotional tone of his tweets strongly correlated with spikes in violence and weapon use at the Capitol. Tweets carrying negative sentiment were particularly influential, as they preceded increases in both the severity and duration of violent actions by rioters. These tweets also amplified the activity of the #StopTheSteal movement online.
“Based on unprecedented data, we found that there is a strong statistical connection between what leaders say and espouse on social media and the real-world behavior of their followers that echoes militaristic behavior,” Uzzi told PsyPost.
Following Trump’s rally speech, violence steadily increased in tandem with the frequency and tone of Trump’s tweets and #StopTheSteal activity. The peak of violence occurred around 3:30 PM, aligning with the highest levels of online activity. The researchers observed that the escalation was not random but followed a systematic pattern: bursts of violence often followed particularly emotive tweets or surges in #StopTheSteal sentiment.
“Our findings show that an authority figure’s online activity and emotional rhetoric are associated with a peaceful protest turning violent,” said co-author Brayden G. King, Max McGraw Chair of Management at Northwestern University. “This study is one of the first to show a direct link between an elected leader’s social media activity and the violent behavior of their followers.”
Another key finding was the role of feedback loops in sustaining and intensifying violence. As rioters engaged in aggressive actions, their behavior influenced the tone and content of online posts, which in turn further fueled physical aggression. This cyclical relationship demonstrates how online and on-the-ground dynamics can interact to escalate conflict rapidly. The study’s use of Granger regression models revealed that these feedback loops were statistically significant, with reciprocal effects between Trump’s communications, the #StopTheSteal movement, and violent actions at the Capitol.
“The rising levels of deadly force and weapons use was punctuated by a strong positive feedback loop between a leader’s social media rhetoric and their followers’ responses,” Uzzi explained.
Notably, the violence began to de-escalate after Trump tweeted a video message urging protesters to go home.
The study provides compelling evidence of a link between online rhetoric and real-world violence. But like all research, it has limitations.
“While our analysis uncovered a firm statistical link between a leader’s social media use and their followers’ violence, and was based on extraordinary data on 1,000s of minutes of on-the-ground video, rally speeches, all the leader’s tweets and their followers’ tweets, it is impossible to determine whether the leader-follower connection we observed is causal in nature,” Uzzi noted. “Nevertheless, strong correlations often underlie causal relationships and are our best empirical guideposts when experiments involving violence are impossible to recreate.”
One critical direction for future research is exploring whether the study’s findings generalize to other protests and contexts. The Capitol riot occurred in a politically polarized environment within the United States. Investigating similar events in different cultural, legal, and political contexts would help determine how variations in societal norms and structures shape the dynamics of protest violence.
Additionally, researchers could examine how the personalized relationship between a leader and their followers affects the escalation of violence. The study suggests that Trump’s unique influence over his supporters played a pivotal role in intensifying aggression. Future work could investigate whether this dynamic holds true for leaders with different levels of personal charisma or relational authority and how these factors interact with social media to drive behavior.
Looking forward, Uzzi hopes to “learn more about how leaders’ use of social media incites real world behavior, particularly violence, the weakening of democratic institutions, and the loss of civility in society.”
The study, “(https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2024.0314) Quantifying social media predictors of violence during the 6 January US Capitol insurrection using Granger causality,” was authored by Qinghua Li, Brayden G. King, and Brian Uzzi.

(https://www.psypost.org/mediterranean-diets-neuroprotective-effects-linked-to-glycemic-control/) Mediterranean diet’s neuroprotective effects linked to glycemic control
Jan 4th 2025, 12:00

Recent research has uncovered a link between diet, blood sugar control, and brain health in aging adults. The study, conducted as part of the DIRECT PLUS trial and published in (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.013) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, found that dietary interventions, particularly a Mediterranean diet enriched with polyphenol-rich foods like green tea and Mankai duckweed, can slow age-related brain atrophy. These findings suggest that improved glycemic control not only reduces risks associated with conditions like type 2 diabetes but may also help preserve cognitive function by promoting a more youthful brain age.
As people age, brain atrophy—the loss of neurons and brain tissue—becomes inevitable, often signaling the onset of cognitive decline and conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. However, factors such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and poor diet can accelerate this process. The study’s researchers aimed to determine whether improved glycemic control, through targeted dietary interventions, could mitigate these effects and preserve brain health. They hypothesized that controlling blood sugar levels and incorporating polyphenol-rich foods might protect against age-related neurodegeneration.
“The brain is a vital organ that is not routinely examined in clinical practice. We have been particularly interested in exploring factors that influence brain age, which does not always align with chronological age. Our focus is on modifiable factors, such as nutrition and glycemic control, that individuals can actively change to promote brain health and slow aging,” said Dafna Pachter, a PhD student at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the first author of the paper.
The study, conducted as part of the DIRECT PLUS Brain MRI trial, aimed to assess whether dietary interventions could slow brain aging through improved glycemic control. It involved 294 participants, all aged 30 or older, with abdominal obesity or dyslipidemia. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a healthy dietary guideline group (the control group), a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet group, or a calorie-restricted green-Mediterranean diet group enriched with polyphenol-rich foods. Each group followed their respective diet plans for 18 months.
The Mediterranean diet emphasized vegetables, poultry, fish, and walnuts while limiting red and processed meats. The green-Mediterranean diet went further by incorporating green tea (3–4 cups per day) and Mankai duckweed shakes (500 milliliters daily), both known for their high polyphenol content. All participants received free gym memberships and were encouraged to engage in regular physical activity. They also participated in group sessions where nutrition and exercise guidance were provided.
Over 18 months, the participants underwent brain MRI scans to assess structural changes in the hippocampus, a region critical for memory and learning. These scans were analyzed using NeuroQuant, an FDA-approved software, which calculated the hippocampal occupancy score, a marker of brain age based on hippocampal volume relative to the surrounding brain structures. Researchers also monitored metabolic markers such as fasting glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c levels to measure glycemic control. The participants’ adherence to their dietary protocols and physical activity routines was supported through regular consultations and workplace-based guidance.
The findings highlighted significant benefits associated with the Mediterranean and green-Mediterranean diets, particularly for brain aging. Participants in these groups exhibited reduced hippocampal atrophy compared to the control group, with the green-Mediterranean diet yielding the most pronounced effects. Those adhering to the green-Mediterranean diet showed a 50% slower decline in their hippocampal occupancy score, reflecting a younger brain age.
Improvements in glycemic control were a key driver of these benefits. Participants who achieved better blood sugar regulation, as indicated by lower fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels, experienced the greatest reduction in brain aging. This effect was independent of weight loss, suggesting that managing blood sugar levels directly influences brain health. Furthermore, participants who consumed higher amounts of green tea and Mankai shakes exhibited the most substantial improvements in both glycemic control and brain aging metrics.
Interestingly, while weight loss and improved metabolic health were observed across all groups, the green-Mediterranean diet’s unique combination of polyphenol-rich foods appeared to amplify the neuroprotective effects. The study suggested that these polyphenols might cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing inflammation and promoting cellular repair in the brain.
“The key takeaway is that even non-radical lifestyle changes, such as adopting a Mediterranean or green-Mediterranean diet and glycemic control can positively impact our health and even slow brain aging within just 18 months,” Pachter told PsyPost. “This shows how small, consistent adjustments to our daily habits can lead to improvements in long-term brain health. It is important to start these changes early in life, rather than waiting until later stages when the effects of aging may become less reversible.”
While the results are promising, the study has some limitations. Most participants were male, limiting the generalizability to females. Additionally, the researchers did not assess participants’ cognitive performance, which would have provided more direct evidence of the diets’ effects on memory and thinking abilities. Although the green-Mediterranean diet appeared particularly beneficial, its effects might not be solely due to polyphenols; reduced red meat consumption may also have contributed.
The study, “(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.013) Glycemic control contributes to the neuroprotective effects of Mediterranean and green-Mediterranean diets on brain age: the DIRECT PLUS brain-magnetic resonance imaging randomized controlled trial,” was authored by Dafna Pachter, Alon Kaplan, Gal Tsaban, Hila Zelicha, Anat Yaskolka Meir, Ehud Rinott, Gidon Levakov, Moti Salti, Yoram Yovell, Sebastian Huhn, Frauke Beyer, Veronica Witte, Peter Kovacs, Martin von Bergen, Uta Ceglarek, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Frank B. Hu, Meir J. Stampfer, Alon Friedman, Ilan Shelef, Galia Avidan, and Iris Shai.

(https://www.psypost.org/birth-control-pills-linked-to-changes-in-depressive-mood-processing/) Birth control pills linked to changes in depressive mood processing
Jan 4th 2025, 10:00

A study of young, healthy women found that they tend to display stronger depression-like patterns of cognitive processing when actively taking oral contraceptives. This effect was particularly pronounced among women with generally higher levels of depressive symptoms. The findings were published in the journal (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1462891) Frontiers in Psychology.
Oral contraceptives, commonly known as birth control pills, are medications taken orally to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain synthetic hormones—either a combination of estrogen and progestin (combined oral contraceptives) or progestin alone (progestin-only pills). These hormones work by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary). Additionally, they thicken cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg, and alter the uterine lining, reducing the likelihood of implantation should fertilization occur.
Oral contraceptives are highly effective when taken consistently at the same time each day. Beyond preventing pregnancy, they can regulate menstrual cycles, reduce menstrual cramps, and treat acne. However, they may carry risks or side effects, such as an increased risk of blood clots or hormonal changes. Some evidence also suggests that increased depressive symptoms may occur in women using combined oral contraceptives.
Study author Elizabeth Hampson and her colleagues sought to explore whether oral contraceptives contribute to a more depressive mindset in their users. Combined oral contraceptives are typically taken daily for 21 or 24 days, followed by an inactive phase lasting several days when users either take placebo pills (included in the contraceptive package) or abstain from taking pills altogether. During the inactive phase, synthetic hormones are not used. The researchers hypothesized that if oral contraceptives induce depressive symptoms, depression scores would be higher during the active hormone phase compared to the inactive phase.
The study included 53 young, healthy women aged 18–26, who were either university students or administrative staff. All participants had been using standard combined oral contraceptives for at least three months and had no chronic health conditions or other prescription medications. Participants were compensated $25 to cover travel costs.
Participants completed a set of tests at two time points: during the second or third week of the active phase of their contraceptive cycle (when they were actively taking hormones) and during the inactive phase (when no hormones were taken).
The participants completed a mood assessment using the Profile of Mood States (POMS), which evaluates six dimensions: Anxiety, Depression, Anger/Irritability, Vigor, Fatigue, and Confusion. They also completed the Facial Emotion Identification Task, which involved identifying emotional expressions from a set of 96 test faces. Previous research has shown that negative faces (e.g., sad or angry expressions) more readily capture the attention of individuals with depression. The authors anticipated similar findings.
In addition, participants completed the Affect Misattribution Procedure and the Emotional Stroop Task. The Affect Misattribution Procedure involved presenting unfamiliar Chinese characters preceded by images of flowers or insects. These images were intended to influence participants’ evaluation of the pleasantness of the characters. The authors examined whether this effect varied between the active and inactive phases of contraceptive use. The Emotional Stroop Task assessed depressive-like processing of visual stimuli by measuring response times to incongruent and congruent emotional face-word pairings.
Self-reported mood profiles indicated that negative moods, including depression, were higher during the inactive phase of the oral contraceptive cycle. Notably, 29% of participants exhibited elevated depression scores during both testing sessions. In this subgroup, depression levels were comparable to those observed in outpatients diagnosed with anxiety or mild to moderate depression.
In contrast, implicit measures of affect (such as the Affect Misattribution Procedure and Emotional Stroop Task) revealed a more depressive-like pattern of performance during the active hormone intake phase. This effect was especially pronounced in participants who generally reported higher levels of depressive symptoms.
“The present findings reinforce the possibility of depressive mood effects associated with OC [oral contraceptives] usage, and highlight the utility of including implicit measures, but also illustrate the complexity of mood assessment in OC users,” the, study authors concluded.
The study contributes to the scientific understanding of side-effects of oral contraceptives. However, it was conducted on a small sample of young, healthy women and highlighted a discrepancy between self-reported mood and cognitive processing indicators. Studies on other demographic groups and using different methodologies may yield different results.
The paper, “(https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1462891) Current oral contraceptive use affects explicit and implicit measures of depression in women,” was authored by Elizabeth Hampson, Sara N. Abrahamson, Taylor N. Breddy, Maisha Iqbal, and Elena R. Wolff.

Forwarded by:
Michael Reeder LCPC
Baltimore, MD

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