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Thu May 2 13:00:03 PDT 2024


NYU Information for Practice Daily Digest (Unofficial)

 

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00221465241231829/) Beyond Acculturation: Health and Immigrants’ Social Integration in the United States
May 2nd 2024, 15:26

Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Ahead of Print. Immigrants typically have more favorable health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts of the same race-ethnicity. However, little is known about how race-ethnicity and region of birth moderate the health outcomes of different immigrant groups as their tenure of U.S. residence increases. We study the association between time spent in the United States and health outcomes among non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Asian, and Hispanic immigrants using National Health Interview Survey data. Although all immigrant groups initially report better health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts, the association between U.S. tenure and reported health outcomes varies among immigrants by race-ethnicity and region of birth. Black immigrants have the worst hypertension profiles, and Black and Hispanic immigrants have the worst obesity profiles. The results suggest that acculturation cannot fully explain racial-ethnic differences in the association between U.S. tenure and health outcomes. We advance a more complete sociological theory of immigrant integration to better explain disparate immigrant health profiles.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00221465241231829?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/00208728241237938/) What has been done for social workers’ self-care practice? A systematic review of interventions
May 2nd 2024, 14:58

International Social Work, Ahead of Print. Improving mental well-being is essential for social workers. Self-care services are often facilitated to enhance it, but there is limited research exploring their characteristics and effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review of self-care interventions targeting the mental well-being of social workers. A comprehensive search of four English and one Chinese databases yielded 2969 studies for initial screening. Fourteen eligible studies were finally included and reviewed. The results underscored mindfulness as prevalent and effective, with social work students being the main service recipients. Although with limitations, the findings inform future research and self-care services for social workers.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208728241237938?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/video/the-war-on-drugs-militarisation-and-states-of-emergency-addressing-key-human-rights-challenges/) The war on drugs, militarisation and states of emergency: Addressing key human rights challenges
May 2nd 2024, 14:32

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/video/the-war-on-drugs-militarisation-and-states-of-emergency-addressing-key-human-rights-challenges/) The war on drugs, militarisation and states of emergency: Addressing key human rights challenges was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/08974454-2021-1985045/) Sexual Violence Survivors’ Experiences with the Police and Willingness to Report Future Victimization
May 2nd 2024, 14:26

Volume 34, Issue 2, March-April 2024, Page 107-129. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08974454.2021.1985045?ai=1ep&mi=754lm4&af=R) Read the full article ›
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/08974454-2021-1985045/) Sexual Violence Survivors’ Experiences with the Police and Willingness to Report Future Victimization was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/epistemic-disobedience-undoing-coloniality-in-global-health-research/) Epistemic disobedience–Undoing coloniality in global health research
May 2nd 2024, 14:19

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/epistemic-disobedience-undoing-coloniality-in-global-health-research/) Epistemic disobedience–Undoing coloniality in global health research was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/00221465241236448/) Race and Place Matter: Inequity in Prenatal Care for Reservation-Dwelling American Indian People
May 2nd 2024, 13:26

Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Ahead of Print. Early initiation and consistent use of prenatal care is linked with improved health outcomes. American Indian birthing people have higher rates of inadequate prenatal care (IPNC), but limited research has examined IPNC among people living on American Indian reservations. The current study uses birth certificate data from the state of Montana (n = 57,006) to examine predictors of IPNC. Data on the community context is integrated to examine the role of community health in mediating the associations between reservation status and IPNC. Results suggest that reservation-dwelling birthers are more likely to have IPNC, an association partially mediated by community health. Odds of IPNC are higher for reservation-dwelling American Indian people compared to reservation-dwelling White birthers, highlighting intersecting inequalities of race and place.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00221465241236448?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/nonprofit-power-building-an-inclusive-democracy/) Nonprofit power: Building an inclusive democracy
May 2nd 2024, 12:32

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/02645505241241588/) Probation as social work
May 2nd 2024, 12:27

Probation Journal, Ahead of Print. In England and Wales probation was regarded as social work for most of the twentieth century, but some thirty years ago the government rejected this conception. In the context of continuing deliberations about the purpose and character of probation, it is timely to revisit its relationship to social work. It is argued that a principal reason for the politically motivated repudiation of social work was its associations with care, but this rested on confusion about care and a comparable misunderstanding of the concept of control. Appreciation of social context is argued to be fundamental to the work of probation. Social capital is no less important than human capital in achieving desistance. The skills and values of social work continue to inform probation because they match up to the demands of the job. Reaffirming connections between the professions would enhance the policy and practices of both.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02645505241241588?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/10870547241238899/) Who Provides Outpatient Clinical Care for Adults With ADHD? Analysis of Healthcare Claims by Types of Providers Among Private Insurance and Medicaid Enrollees, 2021
May 2nd 2024, 12:27

Journal of Attention Disorders, Ahead of Print. Objective:To characterize provider types delivering outpatient care overall and through telehealth to U.S. adults with ADHD.Method:Using employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) and Medicaid claims, we identified enrollees aged 18 to 64 years who received outpatient care for ADHD in 2021. Billing provider codes were used to tabulate the percentage of enrollees receiving ADHD care from 10 provider types overall and through telehealth.Results:Family practice physicians, psychiatrists, and nurse practitioners/psychiatric nurses were the most common providers for adults with ESI, although the distribution of provider types varied across states. Lower percentages of adults with Medicaid received ADHD care from physicians. Approximately half of adults receiving outpatient ADHD care received ADHD care by telehealth.Conclusion:Results may inform the development of clinical guidelines for adult ADHD and identify audiences for guideline dissemination and education planning.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10870547241238899?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/10870547241238899/) Who Provides Outpatient Clinical Care for Adults With ADHD? Analysis of Healthcare Claims by Types of Providers Among Private Insurance and Medicaid Enrollees, 2021 was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/03630242-2024-2310050/) An exploratory study of mothers engaging in physical activity in rural communities
May 2nd 2024, 12:27

Volume 64, Issue 3, March 2024, Page 235-249. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03630242.2024.2310050?ai=2f1&mi=754lm4&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/podcasts/indigenous-archival-activism-mohican-interventions-in-public-history-and-memory/) Indigenous Archival Activism: Mohican Interventions in Public History and Memory
May 2nd 2024, 12:21

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/26408066-2023-2265911/) Becoming Woke by the ASWB Pass Rates: A Closer Look at Racial Inequities in Social Work
May 2nd 2024, 11:38

Volume 21, Issue 2, March-April 2024. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26408066.2023.2265911?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/guidelines-plus/recommendations-for-a-standardized-state-methodology-to-measure-clinical-behavioral-health-spending/) Recommendations for a Standardized State Methodology to Measure Clinical Behavioral Health Spending
May 2nd 2024, 11:37

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/guidelines-plus/recommendations-for-a-standardized-state-methodology-to-measure-clinical-behavioral-health-spending/) Recommendations for a Standardized State Methodology to Measure Clinical Behavioral Health Spending was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/guidelines-plus/s12961-023-01078-3/) Tools, frameworks and resources to guide global action on strengthening rural health systems: a mapping review
May 2nd 2024, 11:34

Inequities of health outcomes persist in rural populations globally. This is strongly associated with there being less health coverage in rural and underserviced areas. Increasing health care coverage in rural…
(https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-023-01078-3) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/26334895231205891/) Association of organizational culture and climate with variation in the clinical outcomes of collaborative care for maternal depression in community health centers
May 2nd 2024, 11:32

Implementation Research and Practice, Volume 4, Issue , January-December 2023. BackgroundOrganizational factors may help explain variation in the effectiveness of evidence-based clinical innovations through implementation and sustainment. This study tested the relationship between organizational culture and climate and variation in clinical outcomes of the Collaborative Care Model (CoCM) for treatment of maternal depression implemented in community health centers.MethodOrganizational cultures and climates of 10 community health centers providing CoCM for depression among low-income women pregnant or parenting were assessed using the organizational social context (OSC) measure. Three-level hierarchical linear models tested whether variation in culture and climate predicted variation in improvement in depression symptoms from baseline to 6.5-month post-baseline for N = 468 women with care ±1 year of OSC assessment. Depression symptomology was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).ResultsAfter controlling for patient characteristics, case mix, center size, and implementation support, patients served by centers with more proficient cultures improved significantly more from baseline to 6.5-month post-baseline than patients in centers with less proficient cultures (mean improvement = 5.08 vs. 0.14, respectively, p = .020), resulting in a large adjusted effect size of dadj = 0.78. A similar effect was observed for patients served by centers with more functional climates (mean improvement = 5.25 vs. 1.12, p < .044, dadj = 0.65). Growth models indicated that patients from all centers recovered on average after 4 months of care. However, those with more proficient cultures remained stabilized whereas patients served by centers with less proficient cultures deteriorated by 6.5-month post-baseline. A similar pattern was observed for functional climate.ConclusionsVariation in clinical outcomes for women from historically underserved populations receiving Collaborative Care for maternal depression was associated with the organizational cultures and climates of community health centers. Implementation strategies targeting culture and climate may improve the implementation and effectiveness of integrated behavioral health care for depression.Plain Language SummaryWhile many implementation theories espouse the importance of organizational culture and climate for the successful implementation of evidence-based practices in primary care, there is little research that tests this hypothesis. Since there are interventions which can improve organizational culture and climate, having more evidence that these factors are associated with implementation would support efforts to modify these aspects of a community health center as a means of improving implementation. This study showed that the extent to which patients clinically benefitted from the evidence-based Collaborative Care Model for maternal depression was related to the prevailing culture and climate of community health centers where they received treatment. Specifically, women seen at centers in which the staff and providers indicated that their organizations prioritize responsiveness to patients’ needs over competing organizational goals and maintain competence in up-to-date treatment models (referred to as proficient culture), and understand their role in the organization and receive the cooperation and support they need from colleagues and supervisors to perform their job well (functional climate) were associated with sustained improvements in depression symptoms. This benefit was independent of other factors already known to be associated with these outcomes. Implementation strategies that target organizational culture (i.e., priorities and expectations for staff) and climate (i.e., quality of working environment) may improve the clinical outcomes of integrated collaborative care models for depression and reduce the commonly seen variation in outcomes across health centers.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/26334895231205891?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/0044118x241237236/) “It Makes Them Want to Suffer in Silence Rather Than Risk Facing Ridicule”: Youth Perspectives on Mental Health Stigma
May 2nd 2024, 11:27

Youth &Society, Ahead of Print. Despite high rates of mental health concerns among youth, they are unlikely to receive mental health care, with mental health stigma acting as a barrier. The present study explores youth perceptions of the influences of stigma and what should be done to address it, drawing on a large (n = 705) mixed methods dataset of youth aged 14 to 24 from the National MyVoice Text Message Cohort. Thematic analysis indicated four themes: (1) perceptions of high levels of ignorance about mental health, (2) a continuum from a desire for greater openness to a desire for privacy related to mental health, (3) feeling shamed and dismissed for mental health concerns, and (4) the role of adults in perpetuating of mental health stigma and adults’ responsibility in combating it. Subgroup comparisons revealed variations in endorsement of themes based on gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X241237236?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/calls-consultations/42nd-annual-bpd-conference-navigating-bsw-education-in-a-time-of-crisis-teaching-and-learning-in-a-politically-and-philosophically-divided-nation-call-for-proposals-closes-aug/) 42nd Annual BPD Conference [“Navigating BSW Education in a Time of Crisis:  Teaching and Learning in a Politically and Philosophically Divided Nation”] – Call for Proposals (Closes Aug 30)
May 2nd 2024, 11:11

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/calls-consultations/42nd-annual-bpd-conference-navigating-bsw-education-in-a-time-of-crisis-teaching-and-learning-in-a-politically-and-philosophically-divided-nation-call-for-proposals-closes-aug/) 42nd Annual BPD Conference [“Navigating BSW Education in a Time of Crisis:  Teaching and Learning in a Politically and Philosophically Divided Nation”] – Call for Proposals (Closes Aug 30) was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/funding/notice-of-special-interest-nosi-on-catalyzing-research-and-training-on-the-impact-of-hiv-on-the-health-across-the-lifespan-of-women-living-with-hiv-through-administrative-supplements-to-existing-fog/) Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) on Catalyzing Research and Training on the Impact of HIV on the Health Across the Lifespan of Women Living with HIV Through Administrative Supplements to Existing Fogarty International Centers HIV Programs
May 2nd 2024, 10:41

Notice NOT-TW-24-005 from the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/funding/notice-of-special-interest-nosi-on-catalyzing-research-and-training-on-the-impact-of-hiv-on-the-health-across-the-lifespan-of-women-living-with-hiv-through-administrative-supplements-to-existing-fog/) Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) on Catalyzing Research and Training on the Impact of HIV on the Health Across the Lifespan of Women Living with HIV Through Administrative Supplements to Existing Fogarty International Centers HIV Programs was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/08974454-2022-2126744/) To Serve and Protect? An Empirical Study of Police-Involved Sexual Assault
May 2nd 2024, 10:26

Volume 34, Issue 2, March-April 2024, Page 149-170. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08974454.2022.2126744?ai=1ep&mi=754lm4&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/clinical-trials/evaluation-of-cognitive-dysfunction-and-psychiatric-comorbidities/) Evaluation of Cognitive Dysfunction and Psychiatric Comorbidities
May 2nd 2024, 10:11

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/clinical-trials/evaluation-of-cognitive-dysfunction-and-psychiatric-comorbidities/) Evaluation of Cognitive Dysfunction and Psychiatric Comorbidities was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/its-the-end-of-the-web-as-we-know-it/) It’s the End of the Web as We Know It
May 2nd 2024, 09:46

A great public resource is at risk of being destroyed.
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/03630242-2024-2310047/) Factors associated with postpartum depression among high-risk women during the COVID-19 pandemic
May 2nd 2024, 09:27

Volume 64, Issue 3, March 2024, Page 224-234. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03630242.2024.2310047?ai=2f1&mi=754lm4&af=R) Read the full article ›
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/03630242-2024-2310047/) Factors associated with postpartum depression among high-risk women during the COVID-19 pandemic was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/0044118x241240495/) Examining Behavioral Variations in Disadvantaged Adolescents: A Cross-Racial Study of African, Latinx, and Asian American Adolescents
May 2nd 2024, 08:27

Youth &Society, Ahead of Print. This study explored racial differences in internalizing and externalizing problems among minority adolescents in impoverished urban communities. The study centered on a sample of 211 participants who were engaged in the 2018 Building Resilience Against Violence Engagement (BRAVE) programs. Their internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed using Youth Self-Report (YSR). The results of a one-way between-subjects Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) uncovered substantial racial disparities, with African American adolescents reporting a higher prevalence of externalizing problems compared to Asian adolescents. Additionally, Latinx adolescents exhibited the highest prevalence of delinquency rate at the p < .05 level. These findings underscore the strong connection between racial groups and youth problems, emphasizing the importance of considering racial factors in the context of service provision for minority adolescents.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X241240495?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/uk-charities-hiring-staff-with-privilege-not-potential-report-author-warns/) UK charities hiring staff with ‘privilege not potential’, report author warns
May 2nd 2024, 08:12

Working-class people less likely to get jobs in charities than public and private sectors, EY Foundation report finds
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/news/uk-charities-hiring-staff-with-privilege-not-potential-report-author-warns/) UK charities hiring staff with ‘privilege not potential’, report author warns was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/the-lancet-psychiatry-commission-on-transforming-mental-health-implementation-research/) The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on Transforming Mental Health Implementation Research
May 2nd 2024, 07:49

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/09589287241240311/) A farewell to welfare? Conceptualising welfare populism, welfare chauvinism and welfare Euroscepticism
May 2nd 2024, 07:27

Journal of European Social Policy, Ahead of Print. This conceptual article and special issue introduction argues for the importance of studying three policy paradigms surrounding welfare policy opposition. The first is welfare populism, the opposition to welfare policies that do not benefit the ‘common people’. The second is welfare chauvinism, the opposition to welfare policies for non-natives within a nation-state. The third is welfare Euroscepticism, the opposition to welfare policies at the European Union level. These paradigms have distinct causes and consequences that should be studied in more detail across different political actors. And while welfare policy opposition may not lead to a complete farewell to welfare, they have been shaping and will continue to shape welfare state recalibration. This article offers summaries of the special issue contributions with empirical snapshots of welfare policy opposition and concludes with avenues for future research.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09589287241240311?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/0044118x241238756/) Realizing Participation Rights of Minority Youth in Conflicted Societies: The Case of Councils Integrating Jewish and Palestinian-Arab Youth in Israel
May 2nd 2024, 06:27

Youth &Society, Ahead of Print. This study explored the intersection of participation rights, politics, and culture in youth councils operating in a polarized socio-political climate. It drew on the case of youth councils integrating Jewish and Palestinian-Arab youth in Israel. Based on interviews with youth council members, adult leaders, and Ministry of Education officials, the findings portray the interrelated political, lingual, and cultural barriers hindering the participation of Palestinian-Arab youth. These barriers were embedded in top-down activities, practices, and structures, unintendedly importing unequal power relations into the councils. We argue that realizing participation rights in youth councils operating in diverse and conflicted societies requires adapting the councils to their participants, their locality, and the circumstances. These adaptations should acknowledge that youth participation is a multidimensional concept whose implementation is contextual, rely on a willingness to relinquish the common one-size-fits-all model of youth councils and aim to create participation spaces that challenge inequalities and social friction.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X241238756?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/report-on-social-work-practice-placements-in-ireland-a-scoping-exercise-25-04-2024/) Report on Social Work Practice Placements in Ireland – A Scoping Exercise 25.04.2024
May 2nd 2024, 05:31

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/report-on-social-work-practice-placements-in-ireland-a-scoping-exercise-25-04-2024/) Report on Social Work Practice Placements in Ireland – A Scoping Exercise 25.04.2024 was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/grey-literature/what-is-happening-to-life-expectancy-in-england-2/) What is happening to life expectancy in England?
May 2nd 2024, 05:29

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jech-2023-220835v1/) Inequalities in sexual and reproductive outcomes among women aged 16-24 in England (2012-2019)
May 2nd 2024, 05:28

Background
Women aged 16–24 in England have a high burden of sexual and reproductive morbidity, with particularly poor outcomes among people living in more deprived areas (including racially minoritised populations). This analysis used national data to examine the disparities within sexual and reproductive outcomes among this population and to assess whether the patterns of inequality were consistent across all outcomes.
Methods
Within this ecological study, univariable and multivariable Poisson regression analyses of neighbourhood-level data from national data sets were carried out to investigate the relationships of deprivation and ethnicity with each of six dependent variables: gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing rates, gonorrhoea and chlamydia test positivity rates, and abortion and repeat abortion rates.
Results
When comparing Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) decile 1 (most deprived) and IMD decile 10 (least deprived), chlamydia (RR 0.65) and gonorrhoea (0.79) testing rates, chlamydia (0.70) and gonorrhoea (0.34) positivity rates, abortion rates (0.45) and repeat abortion rates (0.72) were consistently lower in IMD decile 10 (least deprived). Similarly, chlamydia (RR 1.24) and gonorrhoea positivity rates (1.92) and repeat abortion rates (1.31) were higher among black women than white women. Results were similar when both ethnicity and deprivation were incorporated into multivariable analyses.
Conclusion
We found similar patterns of outcome inequality across a range of sexual and reproductive outcomes, despite multiple differences in the drivers of each outcome. Our analysis suggests that there are broad structural causes of inequality across sexual and reproductive health that particularly impact the health of deprived and black populations.

(https://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2024/04/12/jech-2023-220835?rss=1) Read the full article ›
The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/journal-article-abstracts/jech-2023-220835v1/) Inequalities in sexual and reproductive outcomes among women aged 16-24 in England (2012-2019) was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

Forwarded by:
Michael Reeder LCPC
Baltimore, MD

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