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(https://www.psypost.org/researchers-reveal-what-men-and-women-envy-in-each-other-and-discover-a-new-form-of-envy/) Researchers reveal what men and women envy in each other — and discover a new form of envy
Dec 2nd 2024, 08:00

A recent study published in (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1455199/full) Frontiers in Psychology sheds light on what men and women envy in each other, revealing that envy often reflects broader social and biological disparities between the sexes. The research found that women tend to envy men for their perceived social advantages and biological freedoms, while men often envy women for their physical attractiveness and traditional roles, such as motherhood.
The researchers were inspired to explore gender-based envy after noticing recurring patterns of emotional imbalance in their discussions with students. These discussions revealed that envy often played a role in male-female relationships, prompting the researchers to investigate further. Despite extensive literature on envy, little attention had been paid to how it operates between genders in contemporary society, particularly as gender roles evolve.
“The interest in the topic arose from our teaching practice when we began to notice some specific expressions of emotion and imbalance in our classroom discussions with students, which students referred to as envy,” said study author Michaela Krakovská, an assistant professor at the University of Ostrava.
“We discussed the topic of male-female relationships extensively with about 600 students. After reviewing the existing literature, we found that this was a topic that had not been addressed recently and would be worthy of implementation in new settings.”
“As a new generation of young people comes of age with more open opportunities and ideas about the greater permeability of social roles between the sexes, we were interested in whether and in what context experiences of gender envy would manifest themselves.”
To explore gender envy, the researchers conducted a study using data collected through a national survey administered by a professional sociological research agency. The sample included 1,769 participants aged 15 and older, representative of the population of the Czech Republic. Participants were asked an open-ended question: “What do you envy in the other sex?” This approach allowed respondents to provide unfiltered, individualized answers ranging from single words to detailed sentences.
The researchers analyzed the responses using thematic analysis, a method that organizes qualitative data into identifiable patterns and themes. Responses were coded and grouped into three overarching categories, or “supercategories”: societal advantages, physicality, and psychological traits. Each of these supercategories was further divided into subcategories to capture nuanced aspects of gender envy.
The researchers found that women were more likely to express envy toward men for perceived societal privileges. Common responses included men’s higher salaries, career advancement opportunities, and freedom from societal pressures related to appearance and emotional labor. Many women highlighted men’s ability to “relax” and enjoy a simpler, less stressful life, unburdened by household and childcare responsibilities.
On the other hand, men envied women for their ability to use beauty and charm to influence others, as well as their freedom to express emotions openly without societal judgment.
Physical traits were a significant focus of envy for both sexes. Women envied men’s physical strength and freedom from biological processes such as menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Many women also noted their envy of men’s ability to age naturally without facing intense societal scrutiny.
“The research uncovered a new type of envy, which we have called ‘ablative envy,’ because it consists of envying something that the other person does not have, but which the envious person does not want to have,” Krakovská told PsyPost. “Specifically, women envy men for not having menstruation, not having to go through childbirth and menopause. The subtext is that the envier would like to have something unpleasant taken away from them and not have to endure it, just as the object of their envy does not have to endure it.”
Conversely, men frequently expressed envy for women’s beauty, elegance, and the social advantages associated with attractiveness. They also admired women’s ability to bring new life into the world, with some men specifically noting their envy of motherhood.
In the psychological domain, men and women envied each other for different perceived strengths. Men envied women’s ability to multitask and effectively manage complex responsibilities, while women expressed envy for men’s emotional stability and logical approach to life. This highlighted the ways in which societal expectations shape perceptions of emotional and cognitive traits.
“Women most often envy men for their more carefree lives, their finances, and their status in the world of work,” Krakovská said. “Men, on the other hand, envy women’s physical beauty and their ability to seduce and manipulate. Envy therefore reflects the gender imbalance in society and the fact that we are not equal in our desires.”
Interestingly, the researchers also found that while gender envy is prevalent, a substantial portion of respondents—over 42% of women and 56% of men—reported that they did not envy the opposite sex at all. This suggests that while societal roles and biological differences generate envy, many individuals view gender differences with acceptance or neutrality.
“The main limitation of the study is the nationally homogeneous sample (Czech population), which may differ from foreign samples,” Krakovská noted. “Another limitation was the method of data collection based on a single question, which did not allow for further development of the topic or answers.”
Future research could address these limitations by exploring gender envy in more diverse cultural settings and employing a broader range of methods, such as in-depth interviews or surveys with structured response options.
“Our long-term goal is to explore gender envy more deeply and to better understand its causes and manifestations, including at the international level,” Krakovská explained. “We are already working on collaborations to collect data in countries with different cultural contexts, such as Portugal, Northern Macedonia, Slovakia, and Yemen.”
“We are currently focusing on an interdisciplinary analysis of the phenomenon of envy, not only in terms of empirical research, comparing this phenomenon in an international context in terms of specific cultural determinants and their influence on its manifestation, but also in terms of identifying and evaluating its potential practical implications for social dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and psychosocial climate in different cultural and social settings.”
The researchers also highlighted the need to further investigate ablative envy. Understanding this form of envy could shed light on how feelings of injustice and self-perception influence gender dynamics.
“This particular form of envy raises questions about its psychological, social, and cultural roots, including its possible links to feelings of injustice, low self-esteem, or perceived threats to one’s status,” Krakovská explained. “At the same time, it is crucial to explore what intervention strategies might be effective in mitigating it, particularly in the context of the interpersonal conflict and disruption of social cohesion that often accompanies ablative envy.”
“In short, our aim is to develop research and practical implications aimed at preventing envy between men and women from rapidly turning into resentment, hostility, and hatred.”
The study, “(https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1455199) What do men and women envy each other for?“, was authored by Tereza Kimplova, Michaela Krakovska, Radim Badosek, and Panajotis Cakirpaloglu.

(https://www.psypost.org/are-left-wing-people-more-altruistic-the-answer-might-be-more-complicated-than-you-think/) Are left-wing people more altruistic? The answer might be more complicated than you think
Dec 2nd 2024, 06:00

Are left-wing political beliefs linked to greater kindness and generosity? A new study published in (https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241298341) Social Psychological and Personality Science explores this question, examining how political orientation influences prosociality—the willingness to help others. While left-leaning individuals were found to have slightly stronger prosocial traits, the connection was weaker when it came to real-world behaviors observed in experiments.
Political orientation has long been associated with differences in attitudes, values, and behaviors, including donation preferences and views on social welfare. Left-wing ideologies are often linked to policies promoting collective well-being, such as social justice and income redistribution.
Given these ideological foundations, left-leaning individuals are generally expected to display higher levels of prosociality. However, previous studies on this topic have produced mixed results, leaving the relationship between political orientation and prosocial behavior unclear.
“Politics and the political divide between the left and the right have become an increasingly important topic, and it has also been discussed in relation to prosocial behavior. However, prior evidence was mixed and inconclusive, so we wanted to shed light on this question in a more comprehensive way than had been done before,” said study author (https://www.isabel-thielmann.de/) Isabel Thielmann, the head of the (https://csl.mpg.de/research-groups/personality-identity-and-crime) Personality, Identity, and Crime research group at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law.
The researchers conducted their study using data from (https://osf.io/m2abp/) the Prosocial Personality Project, a large-scale, longitudinal dataset designed to capture a wide range of prosocial behaviors and traits. Participants were drawn from Germany and included a diverse sample of over 1,800 individuals spanning different ages, educational backgrounds, and demographics.
Political orientation was measured using five distinct indicators: self-reported general political preferences, political leanings on social and economic issues, voting behavior in the most recent federal election, and participants’ preferred political party.
Prosociality was assessed using two main approaches. The first involved experimental economic games that simulate real-world social dilemmas, such as the Trust Game, Dictator Game, and Public Goods Game. These games required participants to make decisions about allocating monetary resources, offering a direct way to observe prosocial behavior in controlled settings.
The decisions had tangible consequences, as participants could earn or lose real money based on their choices. For example, in the Trust Game, one player (the trustor) decided how much money to transfer to another player (the trustee), and the trustee decided how much of the tripled amount to return. These games provided a measure of participants’ willingness to invest personal resources for the benefit of others.
The second approach focused on self-reported trait prosociality, measured through surveys assessing personality characteristics such as honesty, empathy, altruism, and fairness. These traits reflect broader, dispositional tendencies to act prosocially across various contexts. Unlike the context-specific behaviors observed in the games, these measures captured stable individual differences in prosocial attitudes and inclinations.
The findings revealed that the relationship between political orientation and prosociality varied depending on the method of measurement. Trait prosociality showed a consistent and meaningful association with political orientation.
Participants with left-leaning ideologies scored higher on traits such as empathy and altruism, suggesting that their broader dispositional tendencies aligned with prosocial values. While these correlations were statistically significant, they were modest in size, indicating that political orientation explains only a small portion of the variance in trait prosociality.
“Our political attitudes are not only relevant for whom we vote, but they can also be related to social behavior more broadly, such as prosociality,” Thielmann told PsyPost. “Importantly, however, our results do not imply that having a more right-wing political orientation means that someone is automatically less prosocial.”
The results from the economic games were less consistent. Only one game, the Social Value Orientation task, showed a meaningful link between political orientation and prosocial behavior, with left-leaning individuals displaying slightly greater prosocial tendencies.
For the other games, such as the Dictator Game and Public Goods Game, the correlations were weak or negligible, suggesting that political orientation had little influence on observable prosocial actions in these contexts. The researchers noted that these games often capture narrow aspects of prosociality, which may explain their limited ability to detect broader ideological differences.
“We were surprised to see that, on the trait level, political orientation and prosociality were consistently correlated,” Thielmann said. “However, on the level of prosocial behavior, correlations with political orientation were pretty inconsistent and only apparent for some measures of behavioral prosociality.”
But the study, like all research, has some caveats. The data were collected exclusively in Germany, which, while providing a clear left-to-right ideological comparison, may not reflect the dynamics of other countries, such as the United States, where partisan divisions are more pronounced.
It is also important to note that while the results show correlations between left-leaning ideologies and greater prosocial tendencies, these patterns do not prove that political orientation directly influences prosocial behavior or traits.
“One major caveat is that, due to the cross-sectional design, we cannot draw causal conclusions,” Thielmann noted. “We can, therefore, not say whether political orientation affects prosociality or vice versa.”
Looking forward, Thielmann said that she and her colleagues “want to understand when and why political orientation is related to less/more prosocial behavior. For example, right-leaning individuals might be more selective than left-leaning individuals regarding who they behave prosocial towards. This, in turn, might be the result of a different motivation to act prosocially.”
The study, “(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/19485506241298341) Does a Left-Wing Political Orientation Really Go Along With Greater Prosociality? A Large-Scale Empirical Investigation,” was authored by Bernhard Schubach and Isabel Thielmann.

(https://www.psypost.org/music-induced-neuroplasticity-implications-for-dementia-treatment/) Music-induced neuroplasticity: Implications for dementia treatment
Dec 1st 2024, 14:00

Music is woven into the fabric of our everyday lives. Whether it’s lifting our spirits, pushing us to run faster or soothing us to sleep, we can all (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713818/full) recognise its power. So it’s no wonder it is increasingly being used in medical treatment.
As well as proving very useful in (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863265/) cancer treatment, managing (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526590022000153) chronic pain and even helping the brain (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00245/full) recover after a stroke, researchers have also been making great strides in using music to help patients with dementia.
It reduces patients’ (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003477/full) anxiety and depression, and (https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(23)00401-7/fulltext) improves wellbeing both for them and their carers (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/individual-music-therapy-for-depression-randomised-controlled-trial/A1CD72904929CECCB956F4F3B09605AF) by enhancing everyone’s ability to adapt and cope with adversity or stress.
(https://www.bamt.org) Music therapy in the form of playing, singing or listening to music can also have a (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1362361309105660) positive effect on cognitive function – particularly for (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1472-6882-10-39) older adults either with dementia or memory issues.
So why does music appear to have such a powerful effect for people with dementia?
Music and the brain
About a decade ago, (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053811911013000) researchers discovered that when people listened to music, multiple areas of the brain were involved in processing it. These included the limbic (which processes emotions and memory), cognitive (involved with perception, learning and reaction) and motor areas (responsible for voluntary movement). This challenged preconceptions that music was processed more narrowly in the brain – and helped explain why it has such a unique neurological impact.
Not only that, research has shown that music might help (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987708002880) regenerate the brain and its connections. Many (https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/about-dementia/causes/) causes of dementia centre around cell death in the brain, raising the possibility that music could help people with dementia by mending or strengthening damaged neural connections and cells.
It’s not just any music that has a regenerative effect on the brain, though. (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00103/full) Familiar and favourite music has been shown to have the biggest impact on the way we feel, and is closely linked with memory and emotions. This is because listening to our favourite songs (https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.2726) releases feel-good hormones that give us a sense of pleasure. Curated music playlists of favourite music could be the key in helping us deal with the (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10298649211030318) stress of everyday life.
This is relevant to Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia because researchers have discovered that parts of the brain linked with (https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/138/8/2438/330016) musical memories are less affected by these conditions than other areas of the brain. This explains why memories and experiences that are linked to (https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2018.19) favourite music are often preserved for people with such conditions.
Listening to music can also (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346261/) help manage their experiences of distress, agitation and “(https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/symptoms/sundowning) sundowning” – where a person is more confused in the afternoon and evening.
In a (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197457224002209?utm_campaign=STMJ_219742_AUTH_SERV_PA&utm_medium=email&utm_acid=224973760&SIS_ID=&dgcid=STMJ_219742_AUTH_SERV_PA&CMX_ID=&utm_in=DM500444&utm_source=AC_) small study conducted by us and our colleagues at the Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, we showed just how great of an effect listening to music can have for people with dementia. We found that when people with dementia repeatedly listened to their favourite music, their heart rate and movements changed in direct response.
This showed that people’s physical responses were affected by musical features like rhythm and arrangement. Their heart rate also changed when they sang along to music, or when they began reminiscing about old memories or stories while listening to a song or thinking about the music. These changes are important because they show how music affects movement, emotions and memory recall.
Studies have also shown that during and after listening to music, people with dementia (https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1103) experienced less agitation, aggression and anxiety, and their general mood was improved. They even needed less medication when they had regular music sessions.
Other researchers have even begun testing the effects of (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/gps.4721?casa_token=VufeKQP7aNsAAAAA%3AMSOgiwUQYKqmmrLsUFv9glmSnc5BMxoqeMmmt3HX4BJX2Fs2UKeXjnN2850o1Umz0j1NvmrpQ3W3Pw) music training programmes to support cognition for people with dementia. Results have been promising so far – with adults in the study showing improved executive functioning (problem solving, emotion regulation and attention) compared to those who took part in just physical exercise.
So, music is likely to continue to be a useful medical treatment for people with dementia. But based on what we know so far, it’s important that it comes from the patient’s own music collection – and is used alongside other management techniques such as using drugs that can slow the progression of dementia or help manage symptoms to support self-care and wellbeing.
 
This article is republished from (https://theconversation.com) The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the (https://theconversation.com/music-and-dementia-researchers-are-still-making-discoveries-about-how-songs-can-help-sufferers-239446) original article.

(https://www.psypost.org/depression-recovery-emotional-shifts-often-precede-behavioral-changes-study-shows/) Depression recovery: Emotional shifts often precede behavioral changes, study shows
Dec 1st 2024, 12:00

Understanding how people recover from depression is key to improving treatments. A new study published in the (https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2024-85614-001?doi=1) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology has found that emotional and cognitive changes often occur together during therapy, while behavioral improvements, like increased socializing and activities, tend to follow later.
Depression treatments, such as cognitive therapy or mindfulness-based approaches, aim to alleviate low mood and increase positive emotions by changing behaviors or challenging negative thought patterns. While these therapies are proven to be effective, the specifics of how and when these changes happen are not well understood. Does a shift in behavior or thinking trigger emotional improvement, or is it the other way around? This study sought to answer that question.
“I started studying the temporal order of change in negative thinking, depressive feelings, activities, and interactions because I was interested in the mechanisms of change underlying remission from depression,” said study author (https://research.rug.nl/en/persons/evelien-snippe/) Evelien Snippe, a senior researcher at the University of Groningen.
“It may be an indication that changes in the way people think and act are the mechanisms underlying improvement in depressive feelings when you show that people change the way they think and act before they start to feel better. If we could show that, it may suggest that people suffering from depression could benefit from reducing their negative ways of thinking, increasing their activities, and engaging in more social interactions.”
The study included 32 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder who were undergoing outpatient psychotherapy. Over a four-month period, the researchers collected real-time data on participants’ daily experiences using Ecological Momentary Assessment, a smartphone-based method that prompts individuals to record their mood, thoughts, and behaviors multiple times a day.
Participants rated their emotional state by indicating levels of sadness and happiness. They assessed their cognitive patterns by reporting how frequently they worried and the positivity or negativity of their self-thoughts. They also tracked their behaviors by reporting the number of social interactions and activities they engaged in. The data was analyzed using a statistical technique called change-point analysis, which identifies significant turning points in time-series data.
The findings highlighted that emotional and cognitive improvements often occurred around the same time during treatment. For example, participants frequently reported reductions in sadness or increases in happiness simultaneously with decreases in worrying or more positive self-reflection. This alignment suggests a close interdependence between mood and thought patterns, with changes in one domain likely influencing the other.
Conversely, behavioral changes, such as increased social interaction or activity engagement, tended to happen later, following emotional gains. This pattern indicates that individuals may first experience emotional relief before reengaging with their environment or taking on new activities.
“Our study suggests that depressive feelings and negative ways of thinking often start to improve around the same time during treatment of depression,” Snippe told PsyPost. “Thus, people start to feel better around the same time as they start to think less negatively. Another takeaway is that people often first start to feel better before they begin engaging in more activities and interactions with others.”
Interestingly, the results challenged the traditional assumption that behavioral or cognitive changes necessarily precede emotional improvement. Instead, the study suggested that emotional gains might initiate the broader process of recovery, potentially motivating individuals to engage more with life and take steps toward behavioral changes.
“We had expected that people would first start to engage in more activities and become more socially active before they began to feel better,” Snippe said. “The study showed that it was actually the other way around: people often first started to feel better and then engaged in more activities and interactions.”
The study sheds light on the interplay between emotions, thoughts, and behaviors during depression treatment. However, as with all research, there are some limitations. For instance, behavioral changes were less frequent and harder to measure, which might have affected the results. More detailed assessments of activities—such as their duration and effort level—could provide a clearer picture of how behavior evolves during treatment.
Future research could also explore whether different therapies produce unique patterns of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral change. For example, do mindfulness-based treatments lead to earlier improvements in mood compared to cognitive therapy? Additional studies could also investigate how antidepressant use interacts with therapy to influence the sequence of change.
“Our aim was to develop a method to study the temporal order of more long-term improvements in daily life experiences,” Snippe explained.
The study, “(https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000890) The temporal order of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral gains in daily life during treatment of depression,” was authored by Evelien Snippe, Timon Elmer, Eva Ceulemans, Arnout C. Smit, Wolfgang Lutz, and Marieke A. Helmich.

(https://www.psypost.org/younger-individuals-more-likely-to-endorse-conspiracy-beliefs/) Younger individuals more likely to endorse conspiracy beliefs
Dec 1st 2024, 10:00

Recent research has found that endorsement of conspiracy beliefs tends to decrease slightly with age. Stronger conspiracy beliefs among young people may be explained by their predisposition toward unconventional styles of political participation, lower self-esteem, and general resentment of politics. The findings were published in (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.13044) Political Psychology.
Conspiracy beliefs are the view that certain events, situations, or phenomena are secretly manipulated or controlled by powerful, hidden groups or individuals with malicious intent. These beliefs often rely on the assumption that official accounts or explanations are false and that a covert agenda is at play.
For example, a common conspiracy belief is that the moon landing was faked by the United States government to win the space race during the Cold War. Another example is the belief that vaccines are part of a secret plot to harm or control populations, despite substantial scientific evidence supporting their safety and effectiveness.
Such beliefs often arise from mistrust of authority, fear, or a desire to find explanations for complex or unsettling events. They are reinforced through selective evidence, cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, and social influences like online communities. While some conspiracy beliefs are harmless, others can lead to significant societal harm, such as vaccine refusal or violence against perceived conspirators.
Study authors Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau and Daniel Stockemer sought to explore how conspiracy beliefs change as people age. They hypothesized that these beliefs decrease with age due to young people’s preference for unconventional forms of political participation (which align with unconventional beliefs), lower self-esteem, and lower satisfaction with democracy in the United States.
The researchers began with a meta-analysis using a comprehensive database of conspiracy research, which included 1,225 scientific publications spanning 1927 to 2024. They focused on studies published in the last 10 years, narrowing their analysis to 110 individual articles reporting data from 374,222 participants. This meta-analysis revealed a very slight, practically negligible, negative association between age and conspiracy beliefs. In other words, conspiracy beliefs were marginally weaker among older individuals.
The second study involved 6,098 participants from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, the United States, and South Africa, with approximately 1,000 participants from each country. Participants completed assessments of conspiracy beliefs (using the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale), support for political activism (4 items), self-esteem (measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and political disaffection—including activism and satisfaction with democracy—measured by questions such as, “How satisfied are you with the way democracy works in [country]?”
The results confirmed that conspiracy beliefs are indeed weaker among older individuals. The study authors tested a statistical model suggesting that self-esteem and satisfaction with democracy increase with age, while support for political activism decreases. In turn, higher self-esteem, greater satisfaction with democracy, and lower support for political activism were associated with lower conspiracy beliefs. Statistical testing confirmed that this model of relationships between these factors is plausible.
“We find that youth are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. This does not, however, imply that young adults have a higher likelihood to believe in all types of conspiracy theories. Rather, there might be conspiracy theories which are more popular for older people, whereas others might resonate more with younger people,” the study authors concluded.
The study sheds light on the relationship between age and conspiracy beliefs. However, the connection is weak, indicating that conspiracy beliefs largely depend on factors other than age.
The paper, “(https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.13044) On the relationship between age and conspiracy beliefs,” was authored by Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau and Daniel Stockemer.

Forwarded by:
Michael Reeder LCPC
Baltimore, MD

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