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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/1354067x231185723/) The concept of hysteria as mirror of the relation between clinical and cultural psychology
Aug 8th 2023, 15:22

Culture &Psychology, Ahead of Print. This paper theoretically examines how the psycho-pathological concept of hysteria has evolved since its emergence in antiquity, what causes contributed to it and how nowadays meaning-making systems of clinical psychology are mirrored through it. As has been shown, the transformation of hysteria is more closely related to the cultural psychology of feminism than any other disease before it. The 20th century in particular marked a significant change in the conceptualization of hysteria. From a highly sexist and paternalistic it became a political diagnose and finally was used, after getting banished from the psychological dictionary as an everyday pejorative personality adjective. It underwent a transformation within its gender classification, which was initially limited exclusively to women. Later, it became a psychiatric diagnosis, which was no longer durable nowadays and has finally changed into the concept of histrionic today. The analysis shows how, on the one hand, medical and biopsychological findings and, on the other hand, especially political movements and their cultural psychological processes of change form the basis of psychopathological concepts. It will be shown to what extent hysteria is exceptionally exemplary for this change in psychological meaning-making. In this context, the close connection between hysteria and the emancipatory development of our society could be emphasized.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354067X231185723?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/medhum-2022-012501v2/) Where past meets present: Indigenous vaccine hesitancy in Saskatchewan
Aug 8th 2023, 15:06

In Canada, colonisation, both historic and ongoing, increases Indigenous vaccine hesitancy and the threat posed by infectious diseases. This research investigated Indigenous vaccine hesitancy in a First Nation community in Saskatchewan, ways it can be overcome, and the influence of a colonial history as well as modernity. Research followed Indigenous research methodologies, a community-based participatory research design, and used mixed methods. Social media posts (interventions) were piloted on a community Facebook page in January and February (2022). These interventions tested different messaging techniques in a search for effective strategies. The analysis that followed compared the number of likes and views of the different techniques to each other, a control post, and community-developed posts implemented by the community’s pandemic response team. At the end of the research, a sharing circle occurred and was followed by culturally appropriate data analysis (Nanâtawihowin Âcimowina Kika-Môsahkinikêhk Papiskîci-Itascikêwin Astâcikowina procedure). Results demonstrated the importance of exploring an Indigenous community’s self-determined solution, at the very least, alongside the exploration of external solutions. Further, some sources of vaccine hesitancy, such as cultural barriers, can also be used to promote vaccine confidence. When attempting to overcome barriers, empathy is crucial as vaccine fears exist, and antivaccine groups are prepared to take advantage of empathetic failures. Additionally, the wider community has a powerful influence on vaccine confidence. Messaging, therefore, should avoid polarising vaccine-confident and vaccine-hesitant people to the point where the benefits of community influence are limited. Finally, you need to understand people and their beliefs to understand how to overcome hesitancy. To gain this understanding, there is no substitute for listening.
(https://mh.bmj.com/content/early/2023/06/22/medhum-2022-012501?rss=1) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/news/after-affirmative-action/) After Affirmative Action
Aug 8th 2023, 15:01

Can education fix inequality?
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/17423953231185385/) Patients’ perception towards chronic disease self-management and its program: A cross-sectional survey
Aug 8th 2023, 14:21

Chronic Illness, Ahead of Print. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the perceptions towards chronic disease self-management and its program among patients with chronic diseases.MethodsA cross-sectional study using pre-validated questionnaire was conducted among patients with chronic diseases at outpatient pharmacy in a hospital in Penang, Malaysia from April to June 2021.ResultsOf 270 patients participated in this study, 87.8% were interested in chronic disease self-management. Nonetheless, they faced common barriers including time constraint (71.1%), no health monitoring devices (44.1%) and poor health knowledge (43.0%). More than half of the patients expressed that having a better knowledge of the disease and its treatment (64.1%), getting supportive guidance from healthcare providers (59.6%) and having monitoring devices (58.1%) were the top three facilitators to self-management. The patients preferred chronic disease self-management programs that (a) discuss the topic of motivation (b) are available both as mobile applications and hands-on training, (c) individual session, (d) range between 1 and 5 sessions with a duration of 1 to 2 h/session, (e) occurring on monthly basis, (f) conducted by doctor or healthcare professionals and (g) fully sponsored by government or at affordable fee.ConclusionThe findings serve as pre-requisite step in future design and development of chronic disease self-management program, targeting the patients’ needs and preferences.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17423953231185385?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/10883576231182896/) Preschoolers With ASD With and Without Elevated Attention Problems: Observed Parenting Differences
Aug 8th 2023, 14:19

Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Ahead of Print. Few studies have examined the relationship between attention problems (AP) and observed parenting in families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants were 41 mother–child dyads with ASD recruited from an Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) preschool and whose behaviors were observed during parent–child interactions. Children with ASD and elevated AP (n = 19) on the Child Behavior Checklist had significantly lower verbal ability, and mothers reported significantly more stress than children with ASD only (n = 22). Causal modeling was used to examine the directionality of the expected relationship between AP and parenting behavior as partially or wholly mediated by parenting stress. Mothers who exhibited less positive parenting experienced higher parenting stress and their children demonstrated increased AP and decreased engagement during dyadic interactions. The strength of this relationship varied according to child verbal ability. These findings have practical implications for identifying and implementing appropriate intervention.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10883576231182896?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/s0022395623003801/) A transdiagnostic view on MDD and ADHD: shared cognitive characteristics?
Aug 8th 2023, 13:13

Publication date: September 2023
Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 165
Author(s): Rianne van Hal, Dirk Geurts, Philip van Eijndhoven, Joosje Kist, Rose M. Collard, Indira Tendolkar, Janna N. Vrijsen
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395623003801?dgcid=rss_sd_all) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/1467-9566-13694/) Competing realities, uncertain diagnoses of infectious disease: Mass self‐testing for COVID‐19 and liminal bio‐citizenship
Aug 8th 2023, 13:13

Abstract
Diagnoses of infectious diseases are being transformed as mass self-testing using rapid antigen tests (RATs) is increasingly integrated into public health. Widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, RATs are claimed to have many advantages over ‘gold-standard’ polymerase chain reaction tests, especially their ease of use and production of quick results. Yet, while laboratory studies indicate the value of RATs in detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen, uncertainty surrounds their deployment and ultimate effectiveness in stemming infections. This article applies the analytic lens of biological citizenship (or bio-citizenship) to explore Australia’s experience of implementing a RAT-based mass self-testing strategy to manage COVID-19. Drawing on Annemarie Mol’s (1999, The Sociological Review, 47(1), 74–89) concept of ontological politics and analysing government statements, scientific articles and news media reporting published during a critical juncture of the strategy’s implementation, we explore the kind of bio-citizenship implied by this strategy. Our analysis suggests the emergence of what we call liminal bio-citizenship, whereby citizens are made responsible for self-managing infection risk without the diagnostic certitude this demands. We discuss how the different realities of mass self-testing interact to reinforce this liminal citizenship and consider the implications for the sociology of diagnosis.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13694?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/s1096751623000179/) Beyond reading together: Facilitating knowledge construction through participation roles and social annotation in college classrooms
Aug 8th 2023, 13:13

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2023
Source: The Internet and Higher Education
Author(s): Xinran Zhu, Hong Shui, Bodong Chen
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096751623000179?dgcid=rss_sd_all) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/open-access-journal-articles/s12888-023-05021-2/) Impact of the COVID-19 and psychological risk factors on non-suicidal self-injury behavior among high school students: a one-year follow-up study
Aug 8th 2023, 12:56

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior is a severe public health issue in adolescents. This study investigated the possible impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and analyzed psychological risk f…
(https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-05021-2) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/rev0000374/) The medial prefrontal regulation of maternal behavior across postpartum: A triadic model.
Aug 8th 2023, 12:52

Psychological Review,  Vol 130(4), Jul 2023, 873-895; doi:10.1037/rev0000374
Maternal behavior is a highly motivated and adaptive social behavior. Its frequency and pattern change across the postpartum period in response to the changing characteristics of the young and psychophysiological state of the mother. In rodents, maternal behavior peaks shortly after parturition, remains stable for a certain period of time, and then declines gradually until weaning. These dramatic behavioral changes all happen within a 3- to 4-week period. This article reviews evidence on the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of the postpartum maternal behavior cycle in rats. Based on this review, a triadic model is proposed to explain how the mPFC, functioning as an executive control system, organizes different patterned maternal responses in different stages of postpartum via its interactions with the maternal excitatory approach system (centered around the medial preoptic area, the mesolimbic dopamine [DA] system) and the maternal inhibitory avoidance system (centered around the olfactory bulb-medial amygdala-ventromedial hypothalamus system). Dopamine and serotonin are hypothesized to operate in all three neural systems to regulate maternal behavior by influencing the motivational, executive control, and memory processes. This triadic model provides a useful framework for understanding dynamic changes of postpartum maternal behavior, as it integrates the evidence-supported approach–withdrawal model with the new prefrontal regulatory model of maternal behavior. Future research aimed at delineating the exact maternal neurocircuits and their interactions could benefit from the ideas derived from this model. Given that human maternal behavior is mainly cortical-driven, this model has significant implications for constructing neural models of human parental behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
(https://ifp.nyu.edu/?internalerror=true) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/grey-literature/how-colorado-provided-health-insurance-to-nearly-10000-immigrants-with-undocumented-status/) How Colorado Provided Health Insurance to Nearly 10,000 Immigrants With Undocumented Status
Aug 8th 2023, 12:51

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/monographs-edited-collections/activist-feminist-geographies/) Activist Feminist Geographies
Aug 8th 2023, 12:37

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/pon-6183/) Improving quality of life and symptom experience in patients with metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review of supportive care interventions
Aug 8th 2023, 12:32

Abstract
Objective
The prognosis for individuals with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has improved in recent decades. This expanding cohort has unique psychological and psychosocial needs, yet targeted supportive care interventions are underdeveloped. This systematic review seeks to summarise the available evidence on the effectiveness of supportive care interventions in improving quality of life and symptom experience of individuals living with MBC so that services can be developed to address the unmet needs of this cohort in future.
Methods
Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, ERIC, Medline and SocINDEX were searched for publications investigating the effect of supportive care interventions specifically targeted at addressing the quality of life or symptom experience of individuals living with MBC. Three reviewers independently screened and selected studies. Quality appraisal and assessed risk of bias were carried out.
Results
The search yielded 1972 citations. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included psychological (n = 3), end of life discussion and preparation (n = 2), physical activity (n = 4), lifestyle (n = 2), and medication self-management support (n = 2). Three studies reported significant improvement in quality of life, two of which reported improved symptom experience in at least one symptom. Three further physical activity interventions showed improvement in at least one of the symptoms investigated.
Conclusion
Studies reporting a statistically significant effect on quality of life and improved symptom experience were extremely heterogenous. We can tentatively suggest that multimodal and frequently administered interventions are effective, with physical activity interventions positively impacting on symptom experience, however further research is required.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pon.6183?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/02692163231184926/) ‘Life became slow down’: A descriptive qualitative study of the experiences of cancer-related fatigue amongst people with advanced lung cancer
Aug 8th 2023, 12:21

Palliative Medicine, Ahead of Print. Background:Cancer-related fatigue is a complex multidimensional concept. However, little is known about the experience of cancer-related fatigue in people with advanced lung cancer. How they emotionally react to and cope with the experience of cancer-related fatigue according to cultural influences has not been extensively explored.Aim:To explore the experience of cancer-related fatigue, its impacts and emotional reactions to and coping strategies for cancer-related fatigue amongst people with advanced lung cancer in China.Design:This was a cross-sectional, descriptive qualitative study with face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using content analysis.Setting/participants:Twenty-one people with advanced lung cancer who experienced cancer-related fatigue were recruited in a hospital setting.Results:Four themes were identified: multifaceted experiences of cancer-related fatigue, impacts of cancer-related fatigue, negative perceptions of cancer-related fatigue and avoiding cancer-related fatigue. The multifaceted experience of cancer-related fatigue had physical, psychological and social impacts along the cancer trajectory. Informants regarded it as a sign of a ‘bad ending’, searched for root causes and had negative attitudes towards role changes. Avoiding coping strategies included not discussing cancer-related fatigue, refusing encouragement and support, hiding feelings, withdrawing from social life and attempting to control cancer-related fatigue.Conclusion:The findings provide insights into the lack of flexibility of people with advanced lung cancer to adapt to the multidimensional experience of cancer-related fatigue. The reactions and coping towards cancer-related fatigue are profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. Developing psychological interventions based on the cultural background are highly recommended to cultivate the ability to cope flexibly with stressful events and live a meaningful cancer life.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02692163231184926?ai=2b4&mi=ehikzz&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/apps-12489/) Effects of emotion‐rule dissonance on emotional exhaustion and physiological health: A two‐wave study
Aug 8th 2023, 11:44

Abstract
Emotion-rule dissonance is regarded as one of the most stressful aspects in the context of emotion work. However, there are few longitudinal studies examining its effects on psychological strain and, more importantly, physiological health. This study investigated synchronous and lagged effects of emotion-rule dissonance on emotional exhaustion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body fat, while explicitly considering the reverse direction as well. Two-wave data from 5,073 employees at Time 1 and 525 at Time 2 three years later showed that emotion-rule dissonance and emotional exhaustion have reciprocal synchronous effects on each other. Concerning systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both lagged and synchronous effects were found, but the synchronous effects were twice as large as the lagged effects. No reverse effects of blood pressure on emotion-rule dissonance were observed. For body fat, neither synchronous, nor lagged, nor reverse (lagged/synchronous) effects were found. The results provide strong evidence for the health-impairing consequences of high emotion-rule dissonance, particularly with respect to emotional exhaustion and the risk of hypertension.
(https://iaap-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apps.12489?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/10130950-2023-2205707/) Transnational Perspectives on Food, Ecology and the Anthropocene
Aug 8th 2023, 11:11

Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2023. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10130950.2023.2205707?ai=2vm&mi=79r7c4&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/s074756322300225x/) Stepping out of the shadow of human-human teaming: Crafting a unique identity for human-autonomy teams
Aug 8th 2023, 11:02

Publication date: November 2023
Source: Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 148
Author(s): Nathan J. McNeese, Christopher Flathmann, Thomas A. O’Neill, Eduardo Salas
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074756322300225X?dgcid=rss_sd_all) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/news/finland-wants-to-halve-the-number-of-people-on-basic-social-assistance/) Finland wants to halve the number of people on basic social assistance
Aug 8th 2023, 10:08

Social Security Minister Sanni Grahn-Laasonen (above) says she is particularly concerned about young people’s reliance on social assistance…. The right-wing cabinet wants to reduce long-term dependency on social assistance, cutting the number of recipients in half. 
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/video/state-peer-to-peer-learning-session-using-medicaid-to-finance-mobile-crisis-teams/) State Peer-to-Peer Learning Session: Using Medicaid to Finance Mobile Crisis Teams
Aug 8th 2023, 09:53

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/video/state-peer-to-peer-learning-session-using-medicaid-to-finance-mobile-crisis-teams/) State Peer-to-Peer Learning Session: Using Medicaid to Finance Mobile Crisis Teams was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/podcasts/figuring-out-why-veterans-return-to-homelessness/) Figuring Out Why Veterans Return to Homelessness
Aug 8th 2023, 09:42

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/aggressive-behaviour-of-persons-with-dementia-towards-professional-caregivers-in-the-home-care-setting-a-scoping-review/) Aggressive behaviour of persons with dementia towards professional caregivers in the home care setting-A scoping review
Aug 8th 2023, 09:38

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/aggressive-behaviour-of-persons-with-dementia-towards-professional-caregivers-in-the-home-care-setting-a-scoping-review/) Aggressive behaviour of persons with dementia towards professional caregivers in the home care setting-A scoping review was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/systematic-review-meta-analysis-and-meta-regression-to-determine-the-effects-of-patient-education-on-health-behaviour-change-in-adults-diagnosed-with-coronary-heart-disease/) Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine the effects of patient education on health behaviour change in adults diagnosed with coronary heart disease
Aug 8th 2023, 09:37

The post (https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/meta-analyses-systematic-reviews/systematic-review-meta-analysis-and-meta-regression-to-determine-the-effects-of-patient-education-on-health-behaviour-change-in-adults-diagnosed-with-coronary-heart-disease/) Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine the effects of patient education on health behaviour change in adults diagnosed with coronary heart disease was curated by (https://ifp.nyu.edu) information for practice.

(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/journal-article-abstracts/15575330-2022-2124529/) Joint use between communities and schools: unpacking dimensions of power
Aug 8th 2023, 09:33

Volume 54, Issue 4, August 2023, Page 496-511. 
(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15575330.2022.2124529?ai=2or&mi=3icuj5&af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/grey-literature/high-risk-substance-use-among-youth/) High-Risk Substance Use Among Youth
Aug 8th 2023, 09:29

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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/guidelines-plus/jep-13883/) A critical appraisal and recommendation synthesis of delirium clinical practice guidelines relevant to the care of older adults in the emergency department: An umbrella review
Aug 8th 2023, 09:24

Abstract
Rationale
Older adults are at high risk of developing delirium in the emergency department (ED); however, it is often missed or undertreated. Improving ED delirium care is challenging in part due to a lack of standards to guide best practice. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) translate evidence into recommendations to improve practice.
Aim
To critically appraise and synthesize CPG recommendations for delirium care relevant to older ED patients.
Methods
We conducted an umbrella review to retrieve relevant CPGs. Quality of the CPGs and their recommendations were critically appraised using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation (AGREE)-II; and Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation—Recommendations Excellence (AGREE-REX) instruments. A threshold of 70% or greater in the AGREE-II Rigour of Development domain was used to define high-quality CPGs. Delirium recommendations from CPGs meeting this threshold were included in the synthesis and narrative analysis.
Results
AGREE-II Rigour of Development scores ranged from 37% to 83%, with 5 of 10 CPGs meeting the predefined threshold. AGREE-REX overall calculated scores ranged from 44% to 80%. Recommendations were grouped into screening, diagnosis, risk reduction, and management. Although none of the included CPGs were ED-specific, many recommendations incorporated evidence from this setting. There was agreement that screening for nonmodifiable risk factors is important to define high-risk populations, and those at risk should be screened for delirium. The ‘4A’s Test’ was the recommended tool to use in the ED specifically. Multicomponent strategies were recommended for delirium risk reduction, and for its management if it occurs. The only area of disagreement was for the short-term use of antipsychotic medication in urgent situations.
Conclusion
This is the first known review of delirium CPGs including a critical appraisal and synthesis of recommendations. Researchers and policymakers can use this synthesis to inform future improvement efforts and research in the ED.
Registration
This study has been registered in the Open Science Framework registries: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TG7S6OSF.IO/TG7S6.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jep.13883?af=R) Read the full article ›
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(https://ifp.nyu.edu/2023/grey-literature/what-happened-to-late-boomers-retirement-wealth/) What Happened to Late Boomers’ Retirement Wealth?
Aug 8th 2023, 09:22

The brief’s key findings are:

Late Boomers have less retirement wealth than earlier cohorts, including surprisingly low 401(k) assets.
To explain this drop, the analysis explored both changing demographics and labor market experiences.
The results show that part of the drop is due to a decline in the share of Late Boomers who are White, married, and have college degrees.
The main factor, though, is that Late Boomers saw a weakening in the link between work and wealth due to the Great Recession.
The Great Recession story is a bit of good news for younger cohorts, as some of the downward pressure on their wealth holdings should abate.

Introduction 

Late Boomers have surprisingly low levels of retirement wealth compared to earlier cohorts.  A decline in some wealth components had been expected as a result of the rise in Social Security’s Full Retirement Age and the shift from defined benefit to defined contribution plans.  But increasing 401(k)/IRA balances were predicted to offset the gap, since Late Boomers were the first generation where workers could have spent their whole career covered by a 401(k) plan.  That did not happen: retirement wealth dropped across all but the top quintile.  Why do Late Boomers have so little wealth?  And what do the patterns imply for Early Gen Xers and subsequent cohorts?  
This brief, which is based on a recent paper, attempts to answer these questions using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to look at actual patterns of wealth accumulation by cohort and the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to gather insights on the experience of Late Boomers over their work life.1  The HRS also serves as the basis for a decomposition exercise to evaluate the role of the various factors that depressed Late Boomer wealth.  
The discussion proceeds as follows.  The first section documents the decline in wealth for Late Boomers and explores whether variation by race and ethnicity might have contributed.  The second section looks at an alternative factor that might explain the drop in Late Boomers’ wealth – namely, their labor market experience in the Great Recession.  The third section uses a decomposition technique to sort out the relative contribution of shifting demographics versus labor-market experience in explaining the drop in wealth.  The results show that two factors were at play – a shift in the population towards lower-wealth households and, more importantly, a weakening of the link between work and wealth accumulation.  The final section concludes that to the extent that the decline in wealth is a Great Recession story, some of the downward pressure on wealth holdings should abate – potential goods news for younger cohorts.  

Wealth Holdings of Late Boomers

The data for calculating retirement wealth come from the HRS, a biennial longitudinal survey of American households over age 50.  The measure includes wealth from three sources: 1) Social Security; 2) defined benefit plans; and 3) defined contribution plans, such as 401(k)s and IRAs.  The analysis covers five birth cohorts and, in order to compare the most recent cohort to the others, the focus is on households at ages 51-56. 
Social Security wealth is equal to the expected present value of benefits at age 62, discounted back to the age at the survey year and pro-rated (based on earnings) to facilitate a comparison to other wealth that the household has accumulated by ages 51-56.  Projected income from defined benefit plans is also transformed into a wealth measure, like Social Security, by calculating the expected present value of lifetime benefits.  Defined contribution wealth is simply the self-reported account balances. 
The results for the middle wealth quintile show that the pattern of wealth holdings across cohorts is generally as expected (see Figure 1).  Defined benefit wealth declines, Social Security wealth stays roughly constant (as the cuts due to the increase in the Full Retirement Age are offset by the impact of higher wages), and defined contribution wealth increases.  That pattern, however, comes to an abrupt halt with the Late Boomers, when defined contribution wealth drops sharply.
One possible explanation for the decline in retirement wealth of Late Boomers could be shifting demographics.  Indeed, Black and Hispanic households in the middle quintile hold only a fraction of the wealth of their White counterparts.  Interestingly, however, Late Boomers in these traditionally disadvantaged groups have not experienced the same decline in retirement wealth as Whites.  With their Social Security wealth holding steady and modest changes elsewhere, retirement wealth for Black and Hispanic households relative to White households actually rose from Mid Boomers to Late Boomers (see Figure 2).
The fact that the decline in wealth from Mid Boomers to Late Boomers was not driven by a worsening situation for Black and Hispanic households does not mean that the racial composition of the population is not relevant to the decline in wealth from one cohort to the other.  Specifically, since Black and Hispanic households still have less wealth than their White counterparts, to the extent that non-White households increase as a share of the total, average cohort wealth will decline.  The decomposition procedure described in the final section attempts to sort out how much of the decline can be attributed to demographics as opposed to other factors.  The most likely other factor is the labor market experience of Late Boomers.   

Labor Market Experience of Late Boomers

While the HRS data are excellent for looking at retirement wealth for households ages 50 and older, they provide limited information on what happened to the various cohorts earlier in life.  For that, the analysis turns to the SCF, which includes households of all ages, to explore whether the labor market experience of Late Boomers might help explain their low wealth holdings.  The SCF, which has been conducted every three years since 1983, asks households about their income, wealth, and pension coverage.  Although the SCF does not follow the same households over time, it is possible to construct “synthetic” cohorts from these triennial SCF surveys to get a picture of employment, earnings, and wealth trends across the lifecycle.  
The results show that Late Boomers were not always behind in private retirement savings.  In fact, until their mid-40s, Late Boomers held more 401(k)/IRA assets than earlier cohorts at the same age (see Figure 3).  Thereafter, however, that pattern changed abruptly; growth ceased and average assets actually dropped.  While their balances did start to grow again as they moved into their 50s, their holdings remained significantly below those of earlier cohorts.
Interestingly, the Late Boomers were in their 40s during the Great Recession, and this economic calamity appears to have hit them particularly hard.  Their employment rate – that is, the percentage of individuals working – dropped sharply (see Figure 4).  More importantly, the percentage of the cohort working did not rebound as the economy recovered.  Thus, one explanation for the low level of retirement assets is simply that many Late Boomers ended up permanently unemployed, unable to contribute to their 401(k)s, and likely having to drain accumulated retirement assets to support themselves.  But a closer look at those who were employed suggests that the damage went beyond the unemployed.
Even among working households, the Great Recession appears to have taken a greater toll on Late Boomers than on earlier cohorts.  When Late Boomers reached their 40s, their average earnings flattened out and then declined continuously thereafter, leaving them in their 50s with earnings generally well below those of Early and Mid Boomers (see Figure 5). 
The Late Boomers’ lower earnings were accompanied by a decline in the share of these households participating in a 401(k) plan; and even for those working households who were participating, the trajectory of their 401(k)/IRA balances changed dramatically after the Great Recession.  Whereas before the economic collapse their balances exceeded those of earlier cohorts, afterwards they flattened and remained largely below those of other Boomers (see Figure 6).
In short, the decline in 401(k)/IRA balances for the Late Boomers reflects not only the unemployment caused by the Great Recession but also the deterioration of labor market outcomes for those who stayed employed.  The ultimate question is, how much of the deterioration in the retirement wealth of Late Boomers was due to their worse labor market experience as opposed to the shifting demographics described earlier?

Decomposing Decline from Mid to Late Boomer Wealth

The tool for assessing the importance of various factors in explaining the drop in wealth from Mid Boomers to Late Boomers is a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis.  The analysis begins by estimating an ordinary least squares regression for each cohort that links wealth to demographic and economic variables.
Wealth = ƒ(demographic characteristics, economic experience)
The demographics include race/ethnicity, marital status, number of children, and education.  Because of data constraints, the only economic variable included is percentage of household years worked when the head was ages 42-49 – the age of Late Boomers at the beginning of the Great Recession.  To ensure a large enough sample size, the equations are estimated for the middle three quintiles of the wealth distribution.  
The results of these regressions for Mid Boomers and Late Boomers are shown in Figure 7.  The coefficients of the demographic variables – Black household, Hispanic household, married, college or higher, and number of children – enter the equations with the expected signs and are statistically significant.  The economic variable – percentage of household years worked when the head was ages 42-49 – also has a statistically significant positive relationship with wealth accumulation.
These equations constitute the basis for the decomposition.  The first step is to estimate Late Boomer wealth and Mid Boomer wealth based on the regression results, by multiplying the mean value for each variable by the coefficient.  This calculation shows retirement wealth for Mid Boomers is $350,400 and for Late Boomers $299,700 – a difference of $50,700. (the black bar in Figure 8).  The challenge is to explain the reasons for this difference by looking at the impact of the shift in shares of households in each group and then the impact of shifting coefficients.     
The first part of the decomposition holds constant the coefficients and predicts what would have happened if only the shares had changed.  The results, shown in the gray bars, indicate that the higher share of Black households among Late Boomers compared to Mid Boomers is responsible for $600 of the total decline in retirement wealth for Late Boomers.  For Hispanic households, the comparable number is $2,700.  Late Boomers also saw a drop in the share of households that were married and those headed by college graduates – these factors account for $4,300 and $5,900, respectively, of the decline in their retirement wealth.  Since the number of children did not change very much between cohorts, this variable did not have a statistically significant coefficient.  On the economic side, as noted above, Late Boomers worked less than Mid Boomers when they were ages 42-49; this reduction in work results in $1,300 dollars less in retirement wealth.  In all, the change in the demographic characteristics and work activity between Mid to Late Boomers explains $14,800 of the decline in retirement wealth, or 29 percent of the total decline. 
The second part of the decomposition assumes that the shares of each variable are fixed at the Mid-Boomer level and predicts what would have happened to retirement wealth if the coefficients changed.  The results, shown in the red bars, indicate that the most important factor in the whole analysis is the change in the coefficient for the percentage of household years worked among those with a head ages 42-49.  Specifically, this link between work and wealth accumulation declined significantly for Late Boomers, compared to Mid Boomers, reducing their retirement wealth by $55,600 more.  
Two other smaller effects were also evident.  The first pertained to the share of households with a Hispanic head.  The results indicate that the wealth accumulation prospects for Hispanic households improved between these two cohorts, resulting in an increase in wealth for Late Boomer households of $4,700.  The second is the number of children.  The results show that the negative effect of children on wealth was reduced for Late Boomers, making their retirement wealth $13,500 higher compared to Middle Boomers.  One possible explanation for this anomalous result may be that student loans became a socially acceptable way to pay for college, allowing parents to save more for retirement.   
The bottom line for these results is twofold.  First, the decomposition analysis brings home the fact that one cannot look at the trends in average wealth by households without considering the demographics.  And as long as non-White households earn less, inherit less, and therefore accumulate less assets than White households, any increase in their share of the total population will bring down any measure of average wealth.  Similarly, even if total wealth were increasing, the shift from married to single-person households would produce a decline in average household wealth.  And if the percentage of households with a college degree declines, so will wealth accumulation.  All those things happened between the Mid Boomers and the Late Boomers.
Second, the weakened link between work and wealth is fully consistent with the “synthetic” cohort analysis from the SCF, discussed earlier, which showed that even Late Boomers who had a job after the Great Recession earned less, were less likely to participate in a 401(k) plan, and accumulated fewer assets in those plans.  Work, for these middle quintiles of Late Boomers, simply did not produce the boost to wealth accumulation that it had for previous cohorts, and this changing relationship was the single most important factor.  A Great Recession story is good news for future cohorts.

Conclusion

Late Boomers have significantly less wealth than previous cohorts.  The question is why.  A Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition suggests two factors were at play – a change in the composition of households and a weakening for Late Boomers of the link between work and wealth accumulation.  
This is not a tale of the deteriorating status of Black and Hispanic households; indeed, the wealth of non-White households has increased relative to their White counterparts.  But Black and Hispanic households have less wealth than White households, so when they increase as a share of the total population, average cohort wealth will decline.  Similarly, a decline in the percentage of households married or with a college degree will bring down the average.  These changing demographics, along with a decline in work activity, accounted for 29 percent of the total decline.
The rest was attributable to shifting coefficients – the most important of which was the weakened link between work and wealth.  This finding is potentially good news for the wealth holdings of future generations.  While the demographic/education shifts will continue to bring down the average, these factors were not the major source of the decline.  The big change was the weakening of the link between work and wealth accumulation for the Late Boomers who were in their 40s during the Great Recession and never recovered.  To the extent that the decline in wealth is a Great Recession story, some of the downward pressure on wealth holdings should abate. 

References

Chen, Anqi, Alicia H. Munnell, and Laura D. Quinby. 2023. “Why Do Late Boomers Have So Little Retirement Wealth and How Will Early Gen-Xers Fare?” Working Paper 2023-6. Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
Health and Retirement Study. 1992-2022. “RAND HRS Longitudinal File 2018 V2 Public Use Dataset.” Produced and Distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (Grant Number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI.
U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Survey of Consumer Finances, 1989-2019. Washington, DC.
Endnotes
1    Chen, Munnell, and Quinby (2023).
(https://crr.bc.edu/what-happened-to-late-boomers-retirement-wealth/) Read the full article ›
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Psychology of Violence,  Vol 13(4), Jul 2023, 297-307; doi:10.1037/vio0000473
Objective: The present study examined whether sexual minority men’s experiences of sexual stigma and conformity to masculine norms predicted their perpetration of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and whether masculinity norms and sexual orientation moderated those relationships. Method: Two hundred seventy-five gay and bisexual+ (bi+) men completed online questionnaires assessing their physical IPV perpetration in their most significant recent intimate relationship, along with measures of sexual stigma and conformity to the masculine norms of winning and power over women. Results: Findings indicated that enacted stigma (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) was significantly related to physical IPV perpetration, such that higher levels of enacted stigma were associated with higher levels of physical IPV perpetration. Results also indicated that the masculine norm of winning moderated the relation between enacted stigma and IPV perpetration and between felt stigma (i.e., expectations of discrimination) and IPV perpetration. Simple slopes analyses revealed that at low levels of winning, enacted, and felt stigma were not significant predictors of perpetration, but at high levels of winning, they were significant predictors. Sexual orientation also moderated the relationship between power over women and perpetration such that power over women was a significant predictor among bi+ men but not gay men. Conclusions: The results point to the role that sexual stigma and masculinity may play in understanding sexual minority men’s physical IPV perpetration and important differences between gay and bi+ men. Preventive interventions for IPV among sexual minority men should consider the impact of heterosexist experiences and felt stigma as well as constructions of masculinity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
(https://ifp.nyu.edu/?internalerror=true) Read the full article ›
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Acquired brain injuries (ABI) from stroke, head injury, or resected brain tumours are associated with poor emotional wellbeing and heightened risk of mood disorder. Common sequalae of ABI, such as poor attenti…
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